PREPOSITIONS

Prepositions are words which begin prepositional phrases. A prepositional phrase is a group of words containing a preposition, a noun or pronoun object of the preposition, and any modifiers of the object. A preposition sits in front of (is “pre-positioned” before) its object.

The following words are the most commonly used prepositions:

about	below	excepting	off	toward
above	beneath	for	on	under
across	beside(s)	from	onto	underneath
after	between	in	out	until
against	beyond	in front of	outside	up
along	but	inside	over	upon
among	by	in spite of	past	up to
around	concerning	instead of	regarding	with
at	despite	into	since	within
because of	down	like	through	without
before	during	near	throughout	with regard to
behind	except	of	to	with respect to

                                    

It is useful to locate prepositional phrases in sentences since any noun or pronoun within the prepositional phrase must be the preposition’s object and, therefore, cannot be misidentified as a verb’s direct object.

To the store is a prepositional phrase.
Store is the object of the preposition to, not the direct object of the verb drove.           

Car is the direct object of the verb drove.
To the grocery store is a prepositional phrase.

NOTE:
A word that looks like a preposition but is actually part of a verb is called a particle.
Held up is a verb meaning “to rob.”
Therefore, up is not a preposition, and bank is not the object of a preposition.
Instead, bank is the direct object of the verb held up.
To avoid confusing prepositions with particles, test by moving the word (up) and words following it to the front of the sentence:
Up the bank four armed men held.

If the resulting sentence does not make sense, then the word belongs with the verb and is a particle, not a preposition.

Note the difference:

The resulting sentence makes sense. Therefore, up is a preposition.

The resulting sentence does not make sense. Therefore, up is a particle in this sentence.

The following examples illustrate the difference between prepositions and particles:

source: http://www.towson.edu/ows/prepositions.html

EXERCISE :

Analyze this article below about the structure preposition!

On Disney, Daughters, and Dads

by Michael J. Corso, Ph.D. 

Once upon a time, in the land of Disney movies, if there was a daughter, there was no Dad. Sleeping Beauty, Cinderella, and Snow White's fathers are all more or less absent. In these popular tales, we meet young, fatherless women who are poisoned in spirit and body by some older, jealous witch-like woman. I have been wondering what message these movies communicate to my two daughters and their friends. Watching Disney's recent feature length animated movies also made me curious as to whether there has been an evolution in the stories Disney is telling. These movies speak to us gathered around glowing screens the way myths spoke to our ancestors sitting around the embers of a fire. They represent archetypes of men and women, sons and daughters, fathers and mothers.

In that light, the tales above tell of the struggle between mother and maturing daughter in the absence of the father. Though the older female is usually a step, protecting us as in a dream from direct association with the biological mother, these stories animate an accurate, albeit fairy-tale version of the "traditional" family. A father away from his castle, a mother in charge at home, a daughter struggling toward independence while keeping house as little girls should. What is most distressing about these young women and the view objectionable today, is that each seems powerless to improve her situation.

Sleeping Beauty is, well... asleep. Utterly passive, her only hope is for the prince to arrive, slay the witch, and kiss Rose into arousal. The man has female fairies helping out, but he is clearly the hero. Cinderella, at least, is awake. She even has a helpful fairy godmother (the good side of the mother?). When she is imprisoned, however, Jacque and Gus-Gus, both mice and both male, heroically get the key and free her. The prince then completely liberates her by marrying her. Snow White, winner of several Oscars, will perhaps not win any awards in the "Best Female Role Model" category. Here is a woman mindlessly keeping house for not one, but seven men. The dwarves go whistling off to work every day and combined they make one dutiful, though moody, husband. Snow White's hoped for her Prince comes and, though she is unconscious, he wakes her with a kiss so they can live happily ever after.

Notice the girl is always unconscious or locked away--helpless, powerless, passive. The man (or mice) of action must rescue her. This, no doubt, was the typical view of women and men and their respective roles.

Fast forward to the new Disney movies. Just as the improved animation reflects new technology, the female characters featured in these movies has improved reflecting society's changing attitude toward women. In The Little Mermaid, an independent Ariel rescues the drowning Prince Eric. She strikes a bargain with the sea-witch, enabling her to pursue and woo Eric. This time Eric is put into a sleep like trance and though he kills Ursula, it is not without Ariel's help and the help of her friends, Sebastian, Flounder, and Scuttle.

While Ariel has the help of her male friends, Belle, in Beauty and the Beast acts more on her own. She successfully fends off the villainous Gaston throughout the movie and saves both her father and the Beast, each of them twice. In the climactic battle, we once again see the support of secondary male characters--Lumiere and Cogsworth--but fighting beside them are the female Wardrobe and Mrs. Potts. In the end, Belle's actions undo the decades long spell.

The strong-willed Princess Jasmine, in Aladdin, is not at the whimsy of her father, Aladdin, or Jafar. She is beyond even the Genie's control. Self assured, she will marry only when she is ready. The transformation in the attitude toward women is typified when Aladdin pole vaults from one roof to another as he and the runaway princess escape Jafar's henchmen. He chauvinistically places a plank across the roof tops so Jasmine can follow only to be surprised by her vaulting across with equal agility. Imagine Snow White doing that.

What is most sophisticated and wonderful about each of these women is that none of them are effective at the expense of her femininity. Disney's women have come of age. They are strong, smart, even sexy. The change is unmistakable. These women of action, unlike their predecessors, are out of the house, (or the sea), confident and courageous.

Then there are the fathers. In most of the old movies, there is a single female parent. In all three new movies, there is a single male parent. Interesting switch. Has the depiction of fathers as primary caretakers improved to the same degree as the view of young women? One could argue that at least they exist! However, in each of the movies mentioned, the father is a tyrant, a buffoon, or both.

Ariel's father, is overbearing in appearance and attitude. King Trident mercilessly and arbitrarily smashes Ariel's prized possessions. Though he is apologetic, and in the end lets go of his daughter, we are still left with a rather oppressive figure. Belle's father, though a clever inventor, is in every other way helpless. He gets lost, imprisoned, and puts up little struggle when Belle exchanges places with him as the Beast's prisoner. Upon returning to the town, Maurice's absent-minded manner gets him bullied by Gaston. Belle must leave the Beast she now loves to rescue her father a second time. Jasmine's father has power and authority, but he is a fool. He is repeatedly duped by Jafar and spends most of his time stacking menagerie animals. Each of these full-time dads is as incompetent as his daughter is competent.

There are, of course, capable fathers among Disney's characters. Geppetto, Pinnochio's father, is caring and courageous. In The Jungle Book, Bagheera and Baloo team up to take care of Mowgli and see him safely back to the man's village; while one lacks a sense of humor and the other lacks a sense of responsibility, combined they make a pretty good paternal pair. My favorite father is Pongo of One Hundred and One Dalmatians. The newest Disney dad, The Lion King's Mufasa, is a fine feline father, at once powerful and playful, stern and sensitive. These latter two movies are among the few Disney families with both a mother and father.

There is an important difference between these positively portrayed papas and the faltering fathers of Ariel, Belle, and Jasmine. These dads care for sons. Pinnochio, Mowgli, the Dalmatian pups, and Simba are all boys. The message seems to be that when caring for boys, a father is competent and even heroic, but when caring for girls, a father is bungling and brainless.

It is quite startling to realize that this is the (hopefully unintended) story behind the stories. These are only movies, and overall, very good movies; I hope I have not over-stated things. There is just this evidence of two interesting trends--one having to do with young women, the other having to do with us full-time dad types. It is at least something to notice. Something to bring up with our daughters and our sons. Our society has other stories to tell about fathers and daughters. Our personal stories speak the loudest.

Mickey Corso has a Ph.D. in Religious Education from Boston College and is the full-time dad of Rebecca (5 years) and Elise (20 months). His wife, Catherine, is a Senior Financial Analyst at BBN in Cambridge, MA. He realizes this article reveals that he and his daughters watch entirely too much TV.

source: http://www.fathermag.com/9607/Disney/

Some examples of prepositions from article above:

1. Utterly passive, her only hope is for the prince to arrive

For the prince is a prepositional phrase. Prince is the object of the preposition for.

2. These women of action, unlike their predecessors, are out of the house...

Prepositions (out of) with adjectives are sometimes so firmly wedded to other words that they have practically become one word.

3. Once upon a time, in the land of Disney movies,...

We can find 2 preposition in this sentence (upon & in). 

- From the sentence above, there have structure of preposition. upon is telling us preposition that measured about last time (obj of prep). 

- The structure is in form of a noun. In include as preposition, after in is followed by noun (land). it denotes as a place.

4. These dads care for sons.

A combination of verb and preposition (care for) is called a phrasal verb. The word that is joined to the verb is then called a particle. and sons become an obj of preposition. and these dads become an direct object.

5.  The man has female fairies helping out. // The prince then completely liberates her by marrying her. 

Both of these sentences tell us that structure of gerundial phrase, preposition is usually followed by verb ing (helping or marrying) or as gerund like the sentence above. these verb-ing can be the first at the sentence or it can be placed at the last. and the prepositions are (out & by).

MELIA CHOLILAH

14611411 

4SA04

SOFTSKILL

PEMBELAJARAN BAHASA INGGRIS

VERB-ING FORM

Wanted: Long-Term Thinking about Technology and Education

Educators need to think long-term about the role of technology in learning

The rampant spread of technology-mediated learning has set off fits of hype and hand-wringing—yet the U.S.'s traditional centers of higher education have mostly failed to confront the pace of change and the implications for students. There is probably no way anyone can keep up with this transformation: the technology is simply evolving too rapidly. Nevertheless, we keep trying. Will these developments truly serve our goals for advanced education? We need to know urgently.

But reacting too quickly could be as bad as adapting too slowly. As soon as the newest experiment in higher-learning technology is announced, would-be experts race to declare its success or failure. Even if their snap guesses prove correct in the near term, any alleged breakthrough will likely be sent to the scrapyard before long to make way for the next educational techno-marvel. Given what we know about the progress of technology, we need to ask which advances will persist longer than a few months.

Higher learning has three fundamental objectives: knowledge dissemination, intellectual development and “experiential growth”—mental maturation, in other words. As the field of educational technology grows, these functions must all be addressed.

The first item—dissemination of knowledge—has traditionally been the province of classrooms and lecture halls. Nowadays even the most venerated names in education are touting what they call MOOCs. These “massive open online courses” are the online equivalent of brick-and-mortar lecture halls, only with better functionality (such as the ability to pause and rewind), free tuition and unlimited seating.

That sounds good, but to see the real future of knowledge dissemination, we must look even farther ahead. Although adaptive learning technologies are still in their infancy, they are already displaying huge promise. The idea is to tailor the teaching process to each student's progress. As the tools develop, adaptive learning will bring seismic shifts to the instruction process. Companies such as Knewton and systems such as the Open Learning Initiative at Carnegie Mellon University are just a hint of what's to come. These technologies will provide a whole new mode of instruction, and it will be less expensive and more effective than the old “sage on a stage” model. Although many traditional universities are addicted to the tuitions they draw with big lecture halls, online institutions and companies such as Western Governors University, UniversityNow and StraighterLine have begun demonstrating a viable alternative. The mainstream academic world should take notice.

The second priority is students' intellectual development. People often assume, mistakenly, that this area is beyond the scope of technological improvement. They see no substitute for the one-on-one student-teacher bond exemplified by the high-touch methods of the so-called Oxbridge tutorial system. But can even a very good mentor offset the shortcomings of most present-day institutions, where instruction is delivered course by course, with no core curriculum? The scaffolded curriculum at Minerva Schools at the Keck Graduate Institute, the San Francisco–based university that I helped to found in 2013, teaches a core set of concepts and exercises them throughout all classes in every subject.

The third and final task remains the big challenge for educational technology: personal development via experiential learning. For students, this is the lifelong process of becoming a more cultured, accomplished and compassionate human being. Traditional universities try to help students along through hands-on work in laboratories and apprenticeships, and they encourage undergraduates to take summer internships and spend semesters abroad. Nevertheless, students mostly remain anchored to their campuses. Even now technology should make it possible for a student to use the world as her or his campus.

Given the technological transformation taking place on all sides, universities need to think seriously about their medium-term strategic plans. What will universities look like in 2025? The changes will be consequential—so consequential, in fact, that stalling could jeopardize the future of higher education.

Suicide prevention guidelines for hospitals urged by advocates

 from killing themselves while under the care of designated Ontario psychiatric facilities — a situation advocates say needs to change.

“There ought to be some regulations to keep people safe,” said Anita Szigeti, a criminal defence lawyer and chair of the Criminal Lawyers Association Committee on Mental Health. “The biggest problem with mental health now is it’s not entirely clear who has what level of oversight.” Prashant Tiwari, 20, hanged himself in a bathroom at Brampton Civic Hospital on June 26. Less than two weeks earlier, his father, Rakesh Tiwari, took him to the hospital after he stuck himself seven times with a knife and asked for help.

“He was suicidal but he knew it,” said Gautam Tiwari, Prashant’s 17-year-old brother. “He wanted help.”

What happened during Prashant’s 10 days in the hospital is unclear. His family believed he was under a 24-hour suicide watch. Cara Francis, manager of public relations for the William Osler Health System, which includes Brampton Civic Hospital, refused to “comment on any individual patient experience.”

Tiwari is the first person to have committed suicide in the Brampton Civic psychiatric ward. A full autopsy is now being scheduled at the family’s request and the coroner’s investigation and the hospital’s internal investigation are ongoing.

The Star has obtained a recording of a conversation Rakesh Tiwari says is between him and a coroner that said there is a video showing Prashant entering a washroom in the psychiatric ward of the hospital around 3 p.m. He was found dead at 4:59 p.m., Rakesh Tiwari was told in the recording, almost two hours later.

Generally, patients at risk of suicide are monitored constantly or every 15 minutes, said Szigeti, who has attended five coroner’s inquests where mental health was a factor, adding “there’s no standard policy.”

The Brampton Civic Hospital declined to make anyone available to answer questions, despite receiving the family’s express written permission to disclose details of his care as per the requirements on the hospital’s website. The Star emailed a copy of the signed consent to Francis, who repeated she couldn’t comment on individual cases and resent a hospital statement calling the death “a tragic situation for everyone involved.” Questions regarding general psychiatric care guidelines at Brampton Civic Hospital were also not answered.

Since there is no standard of care in Ontario, it’s unclear what protocol the hospital uses to monitor patients at risk of suicide.

Many hospitals have “difficulty in terms of developing policy at the organizational level simply because of all the different scenarios that could exist and the difficulty of having a policy cover all scenarios,” said Chris Perlman, lead author of The Suicide Risk Assessment Guide: A Resource for Health Care Organizations, a guide that advocates for standardizing care. At the end of the day, Perlman said, clinical expertise is most important and best-practice guides — of which there are several — can help inform.

Emphasis should be on ensuring all hospitals have access to the necessary tools, Perlman said. “The problem that we run into is resources to be able to support environmental updates,” he said, “to make sure something like a seclusion room is perfectly safe.” In the last five years, more than a dozen people have taken their own lives while under the care of either a psychiatric facility or the psychiatric ward of a hospital, according to the Ontario Coroner’s Office. While an investigation is mandatory under the Coroner’s Act, in the last five years there have been no coroner’s inquests into the deaths, meaning no official recommendations.

In 2009, there were fewer than five suicides in psychiatric hospitals and fewer than five suicides in psychiatric wards (for privacy reasons, when there are fewer than five the exact number is not disclosed).

In 2010, there were five suicides in psychiatric wards and five suicides in psychiatric hospitals. In 2011, there were fewer than five in each individually. In 2012, there were five suicides in psychiatric wards and fewer than five in psychiatric hospitals. In 2013, there have been fewer than five in each individually. Attempting to constantly monitor a person at risk of suicide isn’t enough, Szigeti said. In the mental health cases with which she is familiar, many patients were observed as a way of prevention but had no real interaction with their caregivers. “If they (health-care professionals) were required to meaningfully engage with their patients on a regular basis, they wouldn’t lose them,” she said.

Verb-ing Form from the article above!

Verb –ing as a verb itself :

1. The technology is simply evolving too rapidly.
2. Nowadays even the most venerated names in education are touting what they call MOOCs.
3. They are already displaying huge promise.
4. UniversityNow and StraighterLine have begun demonstrating a viable alternative.
5. For students, this is the lifelong process of becoming a more cultured, accomplished and      compassionate human being.
6. Given the technological transformation taking place on all sides.

Verb –ing as a noun

1. The rampant spread of technology-mediated learning has set off fits of hype
2. As soon as the newest experiment in higher-learning technology is announced
3. But can even a very good mentor offset the shortcomings of most present-day institutions,
4. The changes will be consequential—so consequential, in fact, that stalling could jeopardize the  future of higher education.
5. There are no provincial guidelines for preventing suicidal people.
6. To make sure something like a seclusion room is perfectly safe.
7. A guide that advocates for standardizing care.
8. The Star has obtained a recording of a conversation Rakesh Tiwari.
9. Educators need to think long-term about the role of technology in learning

Verb –ing as an adjective (before noun)

1.  Although adaptive learning technologies are still in their infancy
2.  The idea is to tailor the teaching process to each student's progress.
3.  There is a video showing Prashant entering a washroom in the psychiatric ward of the hospital
4.  Many hospitals have “difficulty in terms of developing policy at the organizational level. 

Sources :
http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/wanted-long-term-thinking-about-technology-and-education/
http://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2014/07/03/suicide_prevention_guidelines_urged_by_advocates.html

MELIA CHOLILAH

14611411 - 4SA04

SOFTSKILL

DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH

I volunteered to fight Ebola in Sierra Leone with MSF. Here’s what happened

You pour the sweat out of your boots, see body bags and miracles, and constantly monitor your own health. Sierra Leone’s health system is in desperate trouble

I’ve volunteered to go to west Africa because I heard that Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) was getting desperate for people.

When I tell Mary in HR, she says she has three questions: “1) Do you know that you don’t have to go? 2) Do you know that if you get sick, we won’t bring you home? 3) Do you know that if you die, we won’t bring your body back and you’ll be buried there?” I know MSF is famous for being straight-talking, but I’m still a bit taken aback. I answer yes to all three and go home to look for my passport. My children are unphased – “Yeah, whatever” – but promise to email.

In Brussels, two days later, my medical briefing is entirely in French. It’s a long time since I was at school, but I get the gist: don’t shake hands, rub shoulders or brush fingertips – let alone hug, kiss or have sexual relations – with anyone. In fact, keep 1.5-2 metres away from all people at all times.

Don’t go to markets. Don’t take public transport. And don’t EVER touch your face. By the time I board the plane I have developed a healthy paranoia. And I’m not alone. The cabin crew are wearing face masks, as are many of the passengers. When we touch down in Guinea, another 100 people push their way on. “Ah, it’s Ebola time – everyone is fleeing,” the jovial Liberian beside me says.

Outside Sierra Leone’s Lungi airport, we wash our hands at a barrel with a tap. I learn tap etiquette: after drizzling your hands, you splash water over the tap to rinse off any Ebola germs left by the previous person. This soon becomes a 20-a-day habit – there are taps outside hotels, houses, offices, even the supermarket. Inside the Ebola treatment centre, 5km outside Bo, Sierra Leone. Photograph: Natasha Lewer

MSF’s newest Ebola treatment centre, 5km outside Bo, is white and gleaming, as incongruous as a spaceship in the surrounding bush. Two months ago it was a field of cassavas – MSF paid the farmer for his crop, then dug up the field and covered it in four enormous white tents, surrounded by brick buildings and divided by orange fencing. I’ve heard Ebola centres described as “villages of death” – six in 10 patients come out in a double body bag – so the atmosphere inside is a surprise. I arrive as three people are given the news that their second test result in a row has showed up negative, and they’re cured.

Excited staff wait outside the concrete shower block, and one by one the survivors emerge, dripping wet and blinking in the sunlight. Everyone claps; James, a pastor turned mental health counsellor, starts to sing, and the others join in; a group of women are dancing; people take photos; everyone beams. An Ebola survivor with a certificate of discharge. Photograph: Natasha Lewer

Before they leave, the survivors ask questions. Ishmail: “Will I be able to go near my family now?” Counsellor: “I want you to go home and I want you to hug everyone in your family.” He is given a bag with blankets, bedsheets, multivitamins, packets of peanut paste to build up his strength, and a giant packet of condoms – the virus will survive in his semen for another three months. In the treatment centre, Sierra Leonean staff outnumber the international staff by 10 to one.

All seem enthusiastic about doing their bit. In the kitchen, nine women from the local village are cooking fish and pasta for the patients’ lunch. Alusein, in a Victorian-style mob cap, finds me a pair of white wellies, size 39, decorated with stars and flowers in thick marker pen. In the stock tent, a former philosophy teacher is filling in data sheets. In the mental health tent, James is talking to the family of a patient. “As a pastor, you listen and advise; as a counsellor it’s the same thing,” he says. Rows of wellies used by volunteers fighting Ebola in Sierra Leone. Photograph: Natasha Lewer

I’ve never met people who work so hard. The medics are reprimanded for staying too long inside the high-risk zone. Anything over an hour becomes physiologically dangerous. It’s so hot inside the layers of protective clothing that by the time you come out, you have to pour the sweat out of your boots.

Getting togged up in 10 layers of protective clothing (scrubs, boots, yellow suit, hairnet, hood, mask, goggles, thick gloves, thin gloves, apron), and ensuring that not one millimetre of bare skin is showing, takes time and practice, but it’s nothing compared to undressing.

When you come out of the high-risk zone you are exhausted, overheated and dehydrated; your goggles have misted over, and your mind has gone foggy. There’s a serious risk of getting contaminated as you unzip and unpeel. That’s why the sprayers are there. ”What does your job involve?” I ask. “We are the sprayers, we instruct them what to do, we stop them making mistakes, we save their lives.” They also douse you in 0.5% dilute chlorine – who needs Chanel No 5 when you can smell this sweet? Volunteers in the Ebola treatment centre, Bo, Sierra Leone. Photograph: Natasha Lewer.

Everyone here is keen to do anything they can to stop the disease that’s threatening to unravel their whole society – it’s already made travel impossible, put an end to parties and funerals, closed schools and universities, made food prices rocket, and instilled suspicion and fear – of neighbours, friends and even family. “There are no gatherings or naming ceremonies, people are even scared of going to church,” MSF counsellor Tamba says. “They are afraid to do all the things that used to make them happy.”

Mothers no longer want to bring their sick children to MSF’s paediatric hospital in case they get taken away by an alien in a spacesuit and are never seen again. As a result, many of the children only arrive when they are so ill that it’s too late to save them. No one knows how many are dying at home from malaria – the biggest killer of under-fives in this area – or from the numerous other diseases in a country with the highest rate of child deaths in the world.

Hundreds of health workers have caught Ebola and died, there are too few ambulances, too few laboratories, and there’s a very real fear that the entire health system – already weak after years of civil war – is going to collapse.

I monitor my health minutely. Is my headache from dehydration? The sore throat from a chlorine overdose? Am I burning up with fever, or is today hotter than usual? Three symptoms at the same time and you become an Ebola suspect.

My mother emails to suggest my children move into a rented flat in south London for 21 days when I return, while I put myself in self-imposed quarantine. I tell her there is no chance of my infecting anyone, and that I’ll be back in the office the following day. The UK is clearly caught up in Ebola paranoia too. I go out and buy a box of Sierra Leonean chocolates for my work colleagues, and wonder if I’ll get to eat them all myself.

The article retrieved on : http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/oct/20/volunteered-fight-ebola-sierra-leone-msf

STATEMENT 

1. Direct speech : “As a pastor, you listen and advise; as a counsellor it’s the same thing,” he says.

    Indirect speech : He said that as a pastor, you listened and advised; as a counsellor it was the same thing.

= The tense changes illustrated above, which occur because the main verb "says" is in the present tense become "said" past tense. It explained that direct speech change become indirect speech, and there is no quotation symbol "" in indirect speech.

2. Direct speech : Tamba says, “They are afraid to do all the things that used to make them happy.”

    Indirect speech : Tamba said that they were afraid to do all the things that used to make them happy.

= The sentences above include direct and indirect speech. The direct speech is used when quotating some words and we should use quotation mark, when you report what somebody says, (turning direct into indirect speech), some changes are often made, just like to be "are" become "were".

QUESTION 

1. Direct speech : ”What does your job involve?” I ask.

    Indirect speech : I asked that what my job involved.

= The sentences above include direct and indirect speech. In direct speech has question mark (?) and the tense in direct speech is simple present, so, in indirect speech become simple past tense.

2. Direct speech :  The survivor ask: “Will I be able to go near my family now?”

    Indirect speech : The survivor asked if he would be able to go near his family then.

= Just like an example above, a question tag in direct and indirect speech has spesific character, make a symbol (?) in these sentence. Modal will become would, that change the tense become past tense. at the end of sentence delete symbol (?) and dont use it in indirect speech.

IMPERATIVE 

1. Direct speech : “ don’t ever touch your face” the jovial liberian says.

    Indirect speech : the jovial liberian told me not to touch my face.

= The verb in the main clause is (mostly) say or tell used in imperative direct indirect speech. The reporting verb followed by to infinitive and object like the sentence above.

2. Direct speech : My children are unphased “Yeah, whatever. But, promise to email” 

    Indirect speech : My children were unphased that i should promise to email it.

= The sentence above changes the words to personal pronoun, tense and special words, and to be "are" become "were".

Melia Cholilah
14611411
4SA04
SOFTSKILL PEMBELAJARAN BAHASA INGGRIS BERBANTUAN KOMPUTER

ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE

1.  Definitions of Active and Passive Voice   

  

1.1  Definition of active voice.

            Sentences can be active or passive. Therefore, tenses also have "active forms" and "passive forms." You must learn to recognize the difference to successfully speak English. In active sentences, the thing doing the action is the subject of the sentence and the thing receiving the action is the object. Most sentences are active.

[Thing doing action] + [verb] + [thing receiving action]

Examples:

1.2  Definition of passive voice.

In passive sentences, the thing receiving the action is the subject of the sentence and the thing doing the action is optionally included near the end of the sentence. You can use the passive form if you think that the thing receiving the action is more important or should be emphasized. You can also use the passive form if you do not know who is doing the action or if you do not want to mention who is doing the action.

To recognize that a sentence is in passive voice, watch out for these keywords: 

• be, is, are, a, was, were, has been, have been, will be, being

[Thing receiving action] + [be] + [past participle of verb] + [by] + [thing doing action]

Examples: 

source : http://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/activepassive.html

2. Table of passive and active voice

	ACTIVE VOICE	PASSIVE VOICE
Simple present	S + V (-s/-es) + O	O + is/am/are + V3 + S
	She opens the door	The door is opened by her
Present continuous	S + is/am/are + Ving + O	O + is/am/are + being + V3 + S
	She is opening the door	The door is being opened by her
Present perfect	S+has/have+V3+O	O+has/have been+V3+S
	She has opened the door	The door has been opened by her
Simple past	S+V2+O	O+was/were+V3+S
	She opened the door	The door was opened by her
Past perfect	S+had+V3+O	O+had been+O+S
	She had opened the door	The door had been opened by her
Future	S+will/shall+V1+O	O+will/shall+be+V3+S
	She will open the door	The door will be opened by her

Identifying the active and the passive voice on an article.

Negative Effects of Internet on Children

Numerous studies over the years have pointed out that internet has had a negative effect on children. It is important therefore, that children are guided on using the internet effectively. In this article, we will take a look at the factors that make internet a threat for our children.

Internet has proved to be one of the most innovative inventions for us. It has made its presence felt in every sphere of our life, be it economy, society, health care, spirituality, etc. Prominent among its benefits is the impact it has had on the education sector. Students can now gain access to innumerable research papers, apart from getting latest updates in the field of science and technology. But as they say, "With great power comes great responsibility", Internet has created new challenges for the society and most threatening among these is the impact it has had on children. Internet addiction has been recognized as a disorder in many countries and rehabilitation centers have been created to help people to get over it. The sad part of this whole phenomenon is that a large proportion of Internet addicts are youngsters, who are extremely vulnerable to its ill-effects. There are several advantages and disadvantages of Internet but in this article, we will focus on its negative effects.

Internet and Children

Internet Addiction Disorder

Although studies on this disorder are in preliminary stages, it has been established that children who spend most of their time on the Internet, show a peculiar kind of behavior which is marked by an urge to be on the Internet all the time, so much that the child may shun all activities and become immersed in the virtual world. Surveys conducted over the years have found that most people who suffer from Internet addiction disorder are young adults, who easily fall into the lure of exploring everything that is available on the Internet. In America alone, it has been estimated that around 10-15 million people are suffering from Internet addiction disorder, and this is increasing at the rate of 25% every year.

Reduced Physical Activity

There are a host of games that are available on the Internet and this has made most children to shun all outdoor activity. In the absence of physical activity, children can easily fall prey to a lot of lifestyle related diseases such as obesity, apart from failing to develop interpersonal skills. Apart from these factors, sitting continuously in front of a computer screen can seriously damage our eyes, and put a strain on our neck and shoulders. Children are in their developing years and these factors can create life-long problems for them. 

Easy Access to Pornography

this is one of the greatest threats Internet poses to children. Internet has provided an easy medium to children to gain access to pornography and this can cause them to either become sexually-deviant or sexually-addictive. This phenomenon has also caused another problem, and that is the increase in prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases (STD) in children. According to reports, one out of every four teenagers gets infected with a STD every year. The adult content that is present on the Internet promotes irresponsible sex and creates false notions in the minds of students.

Vulnerability to Cyber Crime

If you have been following news lately then you must know what we are referring to. Children have been lured by pedophiles posing as good Samaritans and have been physically abused and molested. Internet has also made it easy for unscrupulous elements to get in touch with children and this has led to an increase in the cases of kidnapping and identity thefts. About 60% young teens in the United States have admitted to responding to messages from strangers. This kind of behavior is extremely risky and has made children extremely vulnerable to become victims of cyber-crime.

The points mentioned above have posed new challenges to teachers and parents. There are demands from various quarters that there should be some sort of regulation to check this issue. However, we believe that instead of making Internet a taboo, we should educate children to use it for their benefit. It is advisable for parents to monitor how much time their children spend on the Internet, and if possible set a time-limit till which they would be allowed to use the Internet. Having the computer in the living-room instead of a child's bedroom can also ensure censorship on what they are accessing on the Internet. It is also important that you talk to them about 'the birds and the bees' because if you do not talk to them, they will turn to their friends and Internet for answers which may not provide authentic information.

Although, this article is focused on the negative effects of internet, it in no way means that we are undermining the importance of Internet in our lives. We have written this article for the Internet audience, and you are reading it through the Internet, which itself explains the positive side of Internet usage. It is for us to decide whether we use technology for the betterment of our lives or put it to unabated abuse. Children may not be mature enough to understand this, but we as parents, teachers and guardians need to ensure that we inculcate the right behavior in our children.

source :  http://www.buzzle.com/articles/negative-effects-of-the-internet-on-children.html

ACTIVE VOICE

1. The points mentioned above have posed new challenges to teachers and parents.

• This sentence includes active voice, because this sentence it contains S+V2+O or we can say “simple past tense”. The subject is ”The points”, comes before the verb “mentioned”. 

2. In this article, we will take a look at the factors that make internet a threat for our children.

• It is an active voice because it has form S+will/shall+V1+O that is "future". the subject is "we" then there is "will" and the verb is "take".

3. Internet has provided an easy medium to children to gain access to pornography and this can cause them to either become sexually-deviant or sexually-addictive.

• The sentence above contains active voice because  the tense of sentence. is simple present perfect ( S+has/have+V3+O ). the subject is "Internet" and the verb is provided, then, there is an object.

4. Internet has created new challenges for the society and most threatening among these is the impact it has had on children. 

• This sentence also uses present perfect because it has subject “internet” and the verb 3 “created” ( S+has/have+V3+O ) 

5. Internet has proved to be one of the most innovative inventions for us.

• This sentence has subject “internet” and the verb 3 “proved”. The subject comes before the verb. The pattern of simple present perfect is subject + has/have + past participle. Therefore, the sentence above is active voice.

PASSIVE VOICE

1. Internet addiction has been recognized as a disorder in many countries.

• We can see that this sentence is in passive voice because the keyword is has been recognized. Then, there is past participle after the be. So, the tense is present perfect ( O+has/have been+V3+S )

2. Although studies on this disorder are in preliminary stages, it has been established that children who spend most of their time on the Internet, show a peculiar kind of behavior which is marked by an urge to be on the Internet all the time

• In this sentence, we can define that it includes passive voice. the subject is "studies on this disorder are in preliminary stage" because of the verb form used when the subject of a sentence is affected by the action and the key is the children who be the subject after "that". The tense is present perfect.

3. In America alone, it has been estimated that around 10-15 million people are suffering from Internet addiction disorder, and this is increasing at the rate of 25% every year.

• The sentence is also a passive sentence because it has a subject "In America alone" who does an action. it is present perfect tense because there is has/have been + v3 "has been estimated"

4. Children have been lured by pedophiles posing as good Samaritans and have been physically abused and molested. 

• The sentence above is also identified as a passive voice. Just like what we read before that the form of passive voice is be + past participle. The subject is Children. The v3 is lured and it is also followed with be "have been". So, the tense of sentence above is simple present perfect.

5. Although, this article is focused on the negative effects of internet, it in no way means that we are undermining the importance of Internet in our lives.

• We can see that the sentence is passive voice. the rule is be + past participle. The be "is" and v3 is focused, on the negative effect of internet is the subject . the tense is simple present (O + is/am/are + V3 + S).

MELIA CHOLILAH

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