VERB-ING FORM

Wanted: Long-Term Thinking about Technology and Education

Educators need to think long-term about the role of technology in learning

The rampant spread of technology-mediated learning has set off fits of hype and hand-wringing—yet the U.S.'s traditional centers of higher education have mostly failed to confront the pace of change and the implications for students. There is probably no way anyone can keep up with this transformation: the technology is simply evolving too rapidly. Nevertheless, we keep trying. Will these developments truly serve our goals for advanced education? We need to know urgently.

But reacting too quickly could be as bad as adapting too slowly. As soon as the newest experiment in higher-learning technology is announced, would-be experts race to declare its success or failure. Even if their snap guesses prove correct in the near term, any alleged breakthrough will likely be sent to the scrapyard before long to make way for the next educational techno-marvel. Given what we know about the progress of technology, we need to ask which advances will persist longer than a few months.

Higher learning has three fundamental objectives: knowledge dissemination, intellectual development and “experiential growth”—mental maturation, in other words. As the field of educational technology grows, these functions must all be addressed.

The first item—dissemination of knowledge—has traditionally been the province of classrooms and lecture halls. Nowadays even the most venerated names in education are touting what they call MOOCs. These “massive open online courses” are the online equivalent of brick-and-mortar lecture halls, only with better functionality (such as the ability to pause and rewind), free tuition and unlimited seating.

That sounds good, but to see the real future of knowledge dissemination, we must look even farther ahead. Although adaptive learning technologies are still in their infancy, they are already displaying huge promise. The idea is to tailor the teaching process to each student's progress. As the tools develop, adaptive learning will bring seismic shifts to the instruction process. Companies such as Knewton and systems such as the Open Learning Initiative at Carnegie Mellon University are just a hint of what's to come. These technologies will provide a whole new mode of instruction, and it will be less expensive and more effective than the old “sage on a stage” model. Although many traditional universities are addicted to the tuitions they draw with big lecture halls, online institutions and companies such as Western Governors University, UniversityNow and StraighterLine have begun demonstrating a viable alternative. The mainstream academic world should take notice.

The second priority is students' intellectual development. People often assume, mistakenly, that this area is beyond the scope of technological improvement. They see no substitute for the one-on-one student-teacher bond exemplified by the high-touch methods of the so-called Oxbridge tutorial system. But can even a very good mentor offset the shortcomings of most present-day institutions, where instruction is delivered course by course, with no core curriculum? The scaffolded curriculum at Minerva Schools at the Keck Graduate Institute, the San Francisco–based university that I helped to found in 2013, teaches a core set of concepts and exercises them throughout all classes in every subject.

The third and final task remains the big challenge for educational technology: personal development via experiential learning. For students, this is the lifelong process of becoming a more cultured, accomplished and compassionate human being. Traditional universities try to help students along through hands-on work in laboratories and apprenticeships, and they encourage undergraduates to take summer internships and spend semesters abroad. Nevertheless, students mostly remain anchored to their campuses. Even now technology should make it possible for a student to use the world as her or his campus.

Given the technological transformation taking place on all sides, universities need to think seriously about their medium-term strategic plans. What will universities look like in 2025? The changes will be consequential—so consequential, in fact, that stalling could jeopardize the future of higher education.

Suicide prevention guidelines for hospitals urged by advocates

 from killing themselves while under the care of designated Ontario psychiatric facilities — a situation advocates say needs to change.

“There ought to be some regulations to keep people safe,” said Anita Szigeti, a criminal defence lawyer and chair of the Criminal Lawyers Association Committee on Mental Health. “The biggest problem with mental health now is it’s not entirely clear who has what level of oversight.” Prashant Tiwari, 20, hanged himself in a bathroom at Brampton Civic Hospital on June 26. Less than two weeks earlier, his father, Rakesh Tiwari, took him to the hospital after he stuck himself seven times with a knife and asked for help.

“He was suicidal but he knew it,” said Gautam Tiwari, Prashant’s 17-year-old brother. “He wanted help.”

What happened during Prashant’s 10 days in the hospital is unclear. His family believed he was under a 24-hour suicide watch. Cara Francis, manager of public relations for the William Osler Health System, which includes Brampton Civic Hospital, refused to “comment on any individual patient experience.”

Tiwari is the first person to have committed suicide in the Brampton Civic psychiatric ward. A full autopsy is now being scheduled at the family’s request and the coroner’s investigation and the hospital’s internal investigation are ongoing.

The Star has obtained a recording of a conversation Rakesh Tiwari says is between him and a coroner that said there is a video showing Prashant entering a washroom in the psychiatric ward of the hospital around 3 p.m. He was found dead at 4:59 p.m., Rakesh Tiwari was told in the recording, almost two hours later.

Generally, patients at risk of suicide are monitored constantly or every 15 minutes, said Szigeti, who has attended five coroner’s inquests where mental health was a factor, adding “there’s no standard policy.”

The Brampton Civic Hospital declined to make anyone available to answer questions, despite receiving the family’s express written permission to disclose details of his care as per the requirements on the hospital’s website. The Star emailed a copy of the signed consent to Francis, who repeated she couldn’t comment on individual cases and resent a hospital statement calling the death “a tragic situation for everyone involved.” Questions regarding general psychiatric care guidelines at Brampton Civic Hospital were also not answered.

Since there is no standard of care in Ontario, it’s unclear what protocol the hospital uses to monitor patients at risk of suicide.

Many hospitals have “difficulty in terms of developing policy at the organizational level simply because of all the different scenarios that could exist and the difficulty of having a policy cover all scenarios,” said Chris Perlman, lead author of The Suicide Risk Assessment Guide: A Resource for Health Care Organizations, a guide that advocates for standardizing care. At the end of the day, Perlman said, clinical expertise is most important and best-practice guides — of which there are several — can help inform.

Emphasis should be on ensuring all hospitals have access to the necessary tools, Perlman said. “The problem that we run into is resources to be able to support environmental updates,” he said, “to make sure something like a seclusion room is perfectly safe.” In the last five years, more than a dozen people have taken their own lives while under the care of either a psychiatric facility or the psychiatric ward of a hospital, according to the Ontario Coroner’s Office. While an investigation is mandatory under the Coroner’s Act, in the last five years there have been no coroner’s inquests into the deaths, meaning no official recommendations.

In 2009, there were fewer than five suicides in psychiatric hospitals and fewer than five suicides in psychiatric wards (for privacy reasons, when there are fewer than five the exact number is not disclosed).

In 2010, there were five suicides in psychiatric wards and five suicides in psychiatric hospitals. In 2011, there were fewer than five in each individually. In 2012, there were five suicides in psychiatric wards and fewer than five in psychiatric hospitals. In 2013, there have been fewer than five in each individually. Attempting to constantly monitor a person at risk of suicide isn’t enough, Szigeti said. In the mental health cases with which she is familiar, many patients were observed as a way of prevention but had no real interaction with their caregivers. “If they (health-care professionals) were required to meaningfully engage with their patients on a regular basis, they wouldn’t lose them,” she said.

Verb-ing Form from the article above!

Verb –ing as a verb itself :

1. The technology is simply evolving too rapidly.
2. Nowadays even the most venerated names in education are touting what they call MOOCs.
3. They are already displaying huge promise.
4. UniversityNow and StraighterLine have begun demonstrating a viable alternative.
5. For students, this is the lifelong process of becoming a more cultured, accomplished and      compassionate human being.
6. Given the technological transformation taking place on all sides.

Verb –ing as a noun

1. The rampant spread of technology-mediated learning has set off fits of hype
2. As soon as the newest experiment in higher-learning technology is announced
3. But can even a very good mentor offset the shortcomings of most present-day institutions,
4. The changes will be consequential—so consequential, in fact, that stalling could jeopardize the  future of higher education.
5. There are no provincial guidelines for preventing suicidal people.
6. To make sure something like a seclusion room is perfectly safe.
7. A guide that advocates for standardizing care.
8. The Star has obtained a recording of a conversation Rakesh Tiwari.
9. Educators need to think long-term about the role of technology in learning

Verb –ing as an adjective (before noun)

1.  Although adaptive learning technologies are still in their infancy
2.  The idea is to tailor the teaching process to each student's progress.
3.  There is a video showing Prashant entering a washroom in the psychiatric ward of the hospital
4.  Many hospitals have “difficulty in terms of developing policy at the organizational level. 

Sources :
http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/wanted-long-term-thinking-about-technology-and-education/
http://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2014/07/03/suicide_prevention_guidelines_urged_by_advocates.html

MELIA CHOLILAH

14611411 - 4SA04

SOFTSKILL

DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH

I volunteered to fight Ebola in Sierra Leone with MSF. Here’s what happened

You pour the sweat out of your boots, see body bags and miracles, and constantly monitor your own health. Sierra Leone’s health system is in desperate trouble

I’ve volunteered to go to west Africa because I heard that Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) was getting desperate for people.

When I tell Mary in HR, she says she has three questions: “1) Do you know that you don’t have to go? 2) Do you know that if you get sick, we won’t bring you home? 3) Do you know that if you die, we won’t bring your body back and you’ll be buried there?” I know MSF is famous for being straight-talking, but I’m still a bit taken aback. I answer yes to all three and go home to look for my passport. My children are unphased – “Yeah, whatever” – but promise to email.

In Brussels, two days later, my medical briefing is entirely in French. It’s a long time since I was at school, but I get the gist: don’t shake hands, rub shoulders or brush fingertips – let alone hug, kiss or have sexual relations – with anyone. In fact, keep 1.5-2 metres away from all people at all times.

Don’t go to markets. Don’t take public transport. And don’t EVER touch your face. By the time I board the plane I have developed a healthy paranoia. And I’m not alone. The cabin crew are wearing face masks, as are many of the passengers. When we touch down in Guinea, another 100 people push their way on. “Ah, it’s Ebola time – everyone is fleeing,” the jovial Liberian beside me says.

Outside Sierra Leone’s Lungi airport, we wash our hands at a barrel with a tap. I learn tap etiquette: after drizzling your hands, you splash water over the tap to rinse off any Ebola germs left by the previous person. This soon becomes a 20-a-day habit – there are taps outside hotels, houses, offices, even the supermarket. Inside the Ebola treatment centre, 5km outside Bo, Sierra Leone. Photograph: Natasha Lewer

MSF’s newest Ebola treatment centre, 5km outside Bo, is white and gleaming, as incongruous as a spaceship in the surrounding bush. Two months ago it was a field of cassavas – MSF paid the farmer for his crop, then dug up the field and covered it in four enormous white tents, surrounded by brick buildings and divided by orange fencing. I’ve heard Ebola centres described as “villages of death” – six in 10 patients come out in a double body bag – so the atmosphere inside is a surprise. I arrive as three people are given the news that their second test result in a row has showed up negative, and they’re cured.

Excited staff wait outside the concrete shower block, and one by one the survivors emerge, dripping wet and blinking in the sunlight. Everyone claps; James, a pastor turned mental health counsellor, starts to sing, and the others join in; a group of women are dancing; people take photos; everyone beams. An Ebola survivor with a certificate of discharge. Photograph: Natasha Lewer

Before they leave, the survivors ask questions. Ishmail: “Will I be able to go near my family now?” Counsellor: “I want you to go home and I want you to hug everyone in your family.” He is given a bag with blankets, bedsheets, multivitamins, packets of peanut paste to build up his strength, and a giant packet of condoms – the virus will survive in his semen for another three months. In the treatment centre, Sierra Leonean staff outnumber the international staff by 10 to one.

All seem enthusiastic about doing their bit. In the kitchen, nine women from the local village are cooking fish and pasta for the patients’ lunch. Alusein, in a Victorian-style mob cap, finds me a pair of white wellies, size 39, decorated with stars and flowers in thick marker pen. In the stock tent, a former philosophy teacher is filling in data sheets. In the mental health tent, James is talking to the family of a patient. “As a pastor, you listen and advise; as a counsellor it’s the same thing,” he says. Rows of wellies used by volunteers fighting Ebola in Sierra Leone. Photograph: Natasha Lewer

I’ve never met people who work so hard. The medics are reprimanded for staying too long inside the high-risk zone. Anything over an hour becomes physiologically dangerous. It’s so hot inside the layers of protective clothing that by the time you come out, you have to pour the sweat out of your boots.

Getting togged up in 10 layers of protective clothing (scrubs, boots, yellow suit, hairnet, hood, mask, goggles, thick gloves, thin gloves, apron), and ensuring that not one millimetre of bare skin is showing, takes time and practice, but it’s nothing compared to undressing.

When you come out of the high-risk zone you are exhausted, overheated and dehydrated; your goggles have misted over, and your mind has gone foggy. There’s a serious risk of getting contaminated as you unzip and unpeel. That’s why the sprayers are there. ”What does your job involve?” I ask. “We are the sprayers, we instruct them what to do, we stop them making mistakes, we save their lives.” They also douse you in 0.5% dilute chlorine – who needs Chanel No 5 when you can smell this sweet? Volunteers in the Ebola treatment centre, Bo, Sierra Leone. Photograph: Natasha Lewer.

Everyone here is keen to do anything they can to stop the disease that’s threatening to unravel their whole society – it’s already made travel impossible, put an end to parties and funerals, closed schools and universities, made food prices rocket, and instilled suspicion and fear – of neighbours, friends and even family. “There are no gatherings or naming ceremonies, people are even scared of going to church,” MSF counsellor Tamba says. “They are afraid to do all the things that used to make them happy.”

Mothers no longer want to bring their sick children to MSF’s paediatric hospital in case they get taken away by an alien in a spacesuit and are never seen again. As a result, many of the children only arrive when they are so ill that it’s too late to save them. No one knows how many are dying at home from malaria – the biggest killer of under-fives in this area – or from the numerous other diseases in a country with the highest rate of child deaths in the world.

Hundreds of health workers have caught Ebola and died, there are too few ambulances, too few laboratories, and there’s a very real fear that the entire health system – already weak after years of civil war – is going to collapse.

I monitor my health minutely. Is my headache from dehydration? The sore throat from a chlorine overdose? Am I burning up with fever, or is today hotter than usual? Three symptoms at the same time and you become an Ebola suspect.

My mother emails to suggest my children move into a rented flat in south London for 21 days when I return, while I put myself in self-imposed quarantine. I tell her there is no chance of my infecting anyone, and that I’ll be back in the office the following day. The UK is clearly caught up in Ebola paranoia too. I go out and buy a box of Sierra Leonean chocolates for my work colleagues, and wonder if I’ll get to eat them all myself.

The article retrieved on : http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/oct/20/volunteered-fight-ebola-sierra-leone-msf

STATEMENT 

1. Direct speech : “As a pastor, you listen and advise; as a counsellor it’s the same thing,” he says.

    Indirect speech : He said that as a pastor, you listened and advised; as a counsellor it was the same thing.

= The tense changes illustrated above, which occur because the main verb "says" is in the present tense become "said" past tense. It explained that direct speech change become indirect speech, and there is no quotation symbol "" in indirect speech.

2. Direct speech : Tamba says, “They are afraid to do all the things that used to make them happy.”

    Indirect speech : Tamba said that they were afraid to do all the things that used to make them happy.

= The sentences above include direct and indirect speech. The direct speech is used when quotating some words and we should use quotation mark, when you report what somebody says, (turning direct into indirect speech), some changes are often made, just like to be "are" become "were".

QUESTION 

1. Direct speech : ”What does your job involve?” I ask.

    Indirect speech : I asked that what my job involved.

= The sentences above include direct and indirect speech. In direct speech has question mark (?) and the tense in direct speech is simple present, so, in indirect speech become simple past tense.

2. Direct speech :  The survivor ask: “Will I be able to go near my family now?”

    Indirect speech : The survivor asked if he would be able to go near his family then.

= Just like an example above, a question tag in direct and indirect speech has spesific character, make a symbol (?) in these sentence. Modal will become would, that change the tense become past tense. at the end of sentence delete symbol (?) and dont use it in indirect speech.

IMPERATIVE 

1. Direct speech : “ don’t ever touch your face” the jovial liberian says.

    Indirect speech : the jovial liberian told me not to touch my face.

= The verb in the main clause is (mostly) say or tell used in imperative direct indirect speech. The reporting verb followed by to infinitive and object like the sentence above.

2. Direct speech : My children are unphased “Yeah, whatever. But, promise to email” 

    Indirect speech : My children were unphased that i should promise to email it.

= The sentence above changes the words to personal pronoun, tense and special words, and to be "are" become "were".

Melia Cholilah
14611411
4SA04
SOFTSKILL PEMBELAJARAN BAHASA INGGRIS BERBANTUAN KOMPUTER

ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE

1.  Definitions of Active and Passive Voice   

  

1.1  Definition of active voice.

            Sentences can be active or passive. Therefore, tenses also have "active forms" and "passive forms." You must learn to recognize the difference to successfully speak English. In active sentences, the thing doing the action is the subject of the sentence and the thing receiving the action is the object. Most sentences are active.

[Thing doing action] + [verb] + [thing receiving action]

Examples:

1.2  Definition of passive voice.

In passive sentences, the thing receiving the action is the subject of the sentence and the thing doing the action is optionally included near the end of the sentence. You can use the passive form if you think that the thing receiving the action is more important or should be emphasized. You can also use the passive form if you do not know who is doing the action or if you do not want to mention who is doing the action.

To recognize that a sentence is in passive voice, watch out for these keywords: 

• be, is, are, a, was, were, has been, have been, will be, being

[Thing receiving action] + [be] + [past participle of verb] + [by] + [thing doing action]

Examples: 

source : http://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/activepassive.html

2. Table of passive and active voice

	ACTIVE VOICE	PASSIVE VOICE
Simple present	S + V (-s/-es) + O	O + is/am/are + V3 + S
	She opens the door	The door is opened by her
Present continuous	S + is/am/are + Ving + O	O + is/am/are + being + V3 + S
	She is opening the door	The door is being opened by her
Present perfect	S+has/have+V3+O	O+has/have been+V3+S
	She has opened the door	The door has been opened by her
Simple past	S+V2+O	O+was/were+V3+S
	She opened the door	The door was opened by her
Past perfect	S+had+V3+O	O+had been+O+S
	She had opened the door	The door had been opened by her
Future	S+will/shall+V1+O	O+will/shall+be+V3+S
	She will open the door	The door will be opened by her

Identifying the active and the passive voice on an article.

Negative Effects of Internet on Children

Numerous studies over the years have pointed out that internet has had a negative effect on children. It is important therefore, that children are guided on using the internet effectively. In this article, we will take a look at the factors that make internet a threat for our children.

Internet has proved to be one of the most innovative inventions for us. It has made its presence felt in every sphere of our life, be it economy, society, health care, spirituality, etc. Prominent among its benefits is the impact it has had on the education sector. Students can now gain access to innumerable research papers, apart from getting latest updates in the field of science and technology. But as they say, "With great power comes great responsibility", Internet has created new challenges for the society and most threatening among these is the impact it has had on children. Internet addiction has been recognized as a disorder in many countries and rehabilitation centers have been created to help people to get over it. The sad part of this whole phenomenon is that a large proportion of Internet addicts are youngsters, who are extremely vulnerable to its ill-effects. There are several advantages and disadvantages of Internet but in this article, we will focus on its negative effects.

Internet and Children

Internet Addiction Disorder

Although studies on this disorder are in preliminary stages, it has been established that children who spend most of their time on the Internet, show a peculiar kind of behavior which is marked by an urge to be on the Internet all the time, so much that the child may shun all activities and become immersed in the virtual world. Surveys conducted over the years have found that most people who suffer from Internet addiction disorder are young adults, who easily fall into the lure of exploring everything that is available on the Internet. In America alone, it has been estimated that around 10-15 million people are suffering from Internet addiction disorder, and this is increasing at the rate of 25% every year.

Reduced Physical Activity

There are a host of games that are available on the Internet and this has made most children to shun all outdoor activity. In the absence of physical activity, children can easily fall prey to a lot of lifestyle related diseases such as obesity, apart from failing to develop interpersonal skills. Apart from these factors, sitting continuously in front of a computer screen can seriously damage our eyes, and put a strain on our neck and shoulders. Children are in their developing years and these factors can create life-long problems for them. 

Easy Access to Pornography

this is one of the greatest threats Internet poses to children. Internet has provided an easy medium to children to gain access to pornography and this can cause them to either become sexually-deviant or sexually-addictive. This phenomenon has also caused another problem, and that is the increase in prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases (STD) in children. According to reports, one out of every four teenagers gets infected with a STD every year. The adult content that is present on the Internet promotes irresponsible sex and creates false notions in the minds of students.

Vulnerability to Cyber Crime

If you have been following news lately then you must know what we are referring to. Children have been lured by pedophiles posing as good Samaritans and have been physically abused and molested. Internet has also made it easy for unscrupulous elements to get in touch with children and this has led to an increase in the cases of kidnapping and identity thefts. About 60% young teens in the United States have admitted to responding to messages from strangers. This kind of behavior is extremely risky and has made children extremely vulnerable to become victims of cyber-crime.

The points mentioned above have posed new challenges to teachers and parents. There are demands from various quarters that there should be some sort of regulation to check this issue. However, we believe that instead of making Internet a taboo, we should educate children to use it for their benefit. It is advisable for parents to monitor how much time their children spend on the Internet, and if possible set a time-limit till which they would be allowed to use the Internet. Having the computer in the living-room instead of a child's bedroom can also ensure censorship on what they are accessing on the Internet. It is also important that you talk to them about 'the birds and the bees' because if you do not talk to them, they will turn to their friends and Internet for answers which may not provide authentic information.

Although, this article is focused on the negative effects of internet, it in no way means that we are undermining the importance of Internet in our lives. We have written this article for the Internet audience, and you are reading it through the Internet, which itself explains the positive side of Internet usage. It is for us to decide whether we use technology for the betterment of our lives or put it to unabated abuse. Children may not be mature enough to understand this, but we as parents, teachers and guardians need to ensure that we inculcate the right behavior in our children.

source :  http://www.buzzle.com/articles/negative-effects-of-the-internet-on-children.html

ACTIVE VOICE

1. The points mentioned above have posed new challenges to teachers and parents.

• This sentence includes active voice, because this sentence it contains S+V2+O or we can say “simple past tense”. The subject is ”The points”, comes before the verb “mentioned”. 

2. In this article, we will take a look at the factors that make internet a threat for our children.

• It is an active voice because it has form S+will/shall+V1+O that is "future". the subject is "we" then there is "will" and the verb is "take".

3. Internet has provided an easy medium to children to gain access to pornography and this can cause them to either become sexually-deviant or sexually-addictive.

• The sentence above contains active voice because  the tense of sentence. is simple present perfect ( S+has/have+V3+O ). the subject is "Internet" and the verb is provided, then, there is an object.

4. Internet has created new challenges for the society and most threatening among these is the impact it has had on children. 

• This sentence also uses present perfect because it has subject “internet” and the verb 3 “created” ( S+has/have+V3+O ) 

5. Internet has proved to be one of the most innovative inventions for us.

• This sentence has subject “internet” and the verb 3 “proved”. The subject comes before the verb. The pattern of simple present perfect is subject + has/have + past participle. Therefore, the sentence above is active voice.

PASSIVE VOICE

1. Internet addiction has been recognized as a disorder in many countries.

• We can see that this sentence is in passive voice because the keyword is has been recognized. Then, there is past participle after the be. So, the tense is present perfect ( O+has/have been+V3+S )

2. Although studies on this disorder are in preliminary stages, it has been established that children who spend most of their time on the Internet, show a peculiar kind of behavior which is marked by an urge to be on the Internet all the time

• In this sentence, we can define that it includes passive voice. the subject is "studies on this disorder are in preliminary stage" because of the verb form used when the subject of a sentence is affected by the action and the key is the children who be the subject after "that". The tense is present perfect.

3. In America alone, it has been estimated that around 10-15 million people are suffering from Internet addiction disorder, and this is increasing at the rate of 25% every year.

• The sentence is also a passive sentence because it has a subject "In America alone" who does an action. it is present perfect tense because there is has/have been + v3 "has been estimated"

4. Children have been lured by pedophiles posing as good Samaritans and have been physically abused and molested. 

• The sentence above is also identified as a passive voice. Just like what we read before that the form of passive voice is be + past participle. The subject is Children. The v3 is lured and it is also followed with be "have been". So, the tense of sentence above is simple present perfect.

5. Although, this article is focused on the negative effects of internet, it in no way means that we are undermining the importance of Internet in our lives.

• We can see that the sentence is passive voice. the rule is be + past participle. The be "is" and v3 is focused, on the negative effect of internet is the subject . the tense is simple present (O + is/am/are + V3 + S).

MELIA CHOLILAH

14611411

4SA04

SOFTSKILL PEMBELAJARAN BAHASA INGGRIS BERBANTUAN KOMPUTER

Tefl: First Lesson in China (Part Two - End of Lesson)

Articel About Law (softskill)

Elly Latifah

What Happens When A Person is Charged With A Crime?	Apa Yang Terjadi Ketika Seseorang yang Dibebankan Dengan Kejahatan?
Certain constitutional protections apply to a person charged with a crime.	Perlindungan konstitusional tertentu berlaku untuk orang yang dituntut dengan kejahatan.
There are also certain procedures that are roughly the same from jurisdiction to jurisdiction.	Ada juga prosedur tertentu yang kira-kira sama dari yurisdiksi ke yurisdiksi.
The following is a brief description of what happens when a person is charged with a crime.	Berikut ini adalah penjelasan singkat tentang apa yang terjadi ketika seseorang dituntut dengan kejahatan.
Talk to a Criminal Defense Lawyer immediately if you or someone you know have been arrested or charged with a crime.	Berbicara dengan seorang Pengacara Pidana Pertahanan segera jika Anda atau seseorang yang Anda kenal telah ditangkap atau dituduh dengan kejahata.
Getting legal help is critical to ensure a defendants rights are protected.	Mendapatkan bantuan hukum sangat penting untuk memastikan hak-hak terdakwa dilindungi.
A person may be charged with a crime before they are arrested.	Seseorang mungkin akan dikenakan biaya dengan kejahatan sebelum mereka ditangkap.
If this happens, a judge will issue a warrant for the person's arrest.	Jika ini terjadi, hakim akan mengeluarkan surat penangkapan seseorang.
A police officer will attempt to locate the person who is the subject of the warrant.	Seorang polisi akan mencoba untuk menemukan orang yang menjadi subyek dari surat perintah tersebut.
If the person is located by the police and arrested, the police must give the person a copy of the warrant that states the charge for which they are being arrested.	Jika seseorang berada oleh polisi dan ditangkap, polisi harus memberikan orang salinan surat perintah yang menyatakan biaya yang mereka ditangkap.
The police do not necessarily need to have a copy of the warrant with them at the time of the arrest, but they should provide a copy to the arrested person within a reasonable amount of time afterward.	Polisi tidak perlu memiliki salinan surat perintah dengan mereka pada saat penangkapan, tetapi mereka harus memberikan salinan ke orang yang ditangkap dalam jumlah waktu yang wajar sesudahnya.
After a person is arrested, they will be "booked" at the police department.	Setelah seseorang ditangkap, mereka akan "dipesan" di departemen kepolisian.
This entails taking fingerprints and completing other procedural requirements.	Hal ini memerlukan mengambil sidik jari dan menyelesaikan persyaratan prosedural lainnya.
The person will then be held in police custody pending a court hearing.	Orang kemudian akan ditahan oleh polisi sambil menunggu sidang pengadilan .
This hearing will usually take place within 48 hours.	Pendengaran ini biasanya akan berlangsung dalam waktu 48 jam.
When a person is taken into police custody, they have the right to speak with an attorney.	Ketika seseorang dibawa ke tahanan polisi, mereka memiliki hak untuk berbicara dengan seorang pengacara.
The person should have at least a brief opportunity to meet with their attorney before their initial court hearing.	Orang harus memiliki setidaknya kesempatan singkat untuk bertemu dengan pengacara mereka sebelum persidangan awal mereka.
At the court hearing the judge will read the charges against the person, who is called the defendant.	Pada sidang pengadilan hakim akan membaca dakwaan terhadap orang, yang disebut terdakwa.
If a person was arrested without an arrest warrant, this may be the first time that they are told the charges against them.	Jika seseorang ditangkap tanpa surat perintah penangkapan, ini mungkin pertama kalinya bahwa mereka diberitahu tuduhan terhadap mereka.
The judge will try to make sure that the defendant understands the charges.	Hakim akan mencoba untuk memastikan bahwa terdakwa memahami dakwaan.
The judge will then ask the defendant to enter a plea.	Hakim kemudian akan meminta terdakwa untuk memasukkan permohonan.
A defendant can enter a plea of "not guilty", of "no contest", or of "guilty".	Seorang terdakwa bisa memasukkan pembelaan "tidak bersalah", "tidak ada kontes", atau "bersalah".
Even if a defendant is guilty, they can enter a plea of not guilty, if they think that there is not enough evidence to prove their guilt.	Bahkan jika terdakwa bersalah, mereka dapat memasukkan pembelaan tidak bersalah, jika mereka berpikir bahwa tidak ada bukti yang cukup untuk membuktikan kesalahan mereka.
In any case, a plea of not guilty will lead to a trial where the government will have to prove, beyond a reasonable doubt, that the defendant is guilty of the crime that they are charged with.	Dalam kasus apapun, pembelaan tidak bersalah akan menyebabkan percobaan di mana pemerintah harus membuktikan, tanpa keraguan , bahwa terdakwa bersalah atas kejahatan yang mereka dibebankan dengan .
A jury will have to decide, based on the evidence presented by both sides, whether the defendant is to be found guilty or not guilty.	Seorang juri harus memutuskan, berdasarkan bukti-bukti yang diajukan oleh kedua belah pihak, apakah terdakwa harus dinyatakan bersalah atau tidak bersalah.
In some cases, a defendant may waive their right to a jury trial, and the judge will be the one to decide if they are guilty or not guilty based on the evidence that is presented.	Dalam beberapa kasus, terdakwa dapat mengabaikan hak mereka untuk juri pengadilan, dan hakim akan menjadi orang yang memutuskan apakah mereka bersalah atau tidak bersalah berdasarkan bukti yang disajikan.
The defendant should consult with their attorney about whether or not they should waive their right to a jury trial.	Terdakwa harus berkonsultasi dengan pengacara mereka tentang apakah atau tidak mereka harus melepaskan hak mereka untuk juri pengadilan.
If the result of the trial is that the defendant is found not guilty of the crimes charged, they will be released from custody.	Jika hasil dari penelitian ini adalah bahwa terdakwa tidak bersalah dari kejahatan yang dituduhkan, mereka akan dibebaskan dari tahanan.
If the result of the trial is that the defendant is found guilty or if there is no trial because the defendant entered a plea of no contest or of guilty, then there will be a sentencing hearing.	Jika hasil dari penelitian ini adalah bahwa terdakwa dinyatakan bersalah atau jika tidak ada sidang karena terdakwa mengajukan pembelaan tidak ada kontes atau bersalah, maka akan ada sidang hukuman.
There may be evaluations of the defendant that are performed prior to the sentencing hearing. For example, if the crime is DWI, the defendant may be evaluated to determine if they have a substance abuse problem.	Mungkin ada evaluasi dari terdakwa yang dilakukan sebelum sidang vonis. Sebagai contoh, jika kejahatan adalah DWI, terdakwa dapat dievaluasi untuk menentukan apakah mereka memiliki masalah penyalahgunaan zat.
The court will also make a pre-sentencing report, which is basically an investigation into any prior criminal history of the defendant.	Pengadilan juga akan membuat laporan pra - vonis , yang pada dasarnya merupakan penyelidikan riwayat kriminal sebelumnya terdakwa.
This information helps the judge determine an appropriate sentence.	Informasi ini membantu hakim menentukan kalimat yang tepat.
At the sentencing hearing, there may be an opportunity for individuals to speak to the court about what factors they feel the court should take into account in determining a sentence.	Pada sidang hukuman, mungkin ada kesempatan bagi individu untuk berbicara ke pengadilan tentang faktor-faktor apa yang mereka rasakan pengadilan harus mempertimbangkan dalam menentukan kalimat.
These individuals can include the victim of the crime, the victim's family, the defendant, the defendant's family, and any other interested party.	Orang-orang ini dapat mencakup korban kejahatan, keluarga korban, terdakwa, keluarga terdakwa, dan pihak berkepentingan lainnya.
The judge will consider all of the evidence presented and take into account any sentencing requirements.	Hakim akan mempertimbangkan semua bukti yang diajukan dan mempertimbangkan persyaratan hukuman.
The judge will then enter a sentence for the defendant.	Hakim kemudian akan memasukkan hukuman bagi terdakwa.
If the crime was relatively minor, and the defendant has been in custody during the whole court process, they may have already served the jail time that is imposed by the judge.	Jika kejahatan itu relatif kecil, dan terdakwa telah ditahan selama proses pengadilan secara keseluruhan, mereka mungkin telah melayani waktu penjara yang dijatuhkan oleh hakim.
If the crime is more serious, the defendant may face even more jail time.	Jika kejahatan yang lebih serius, terdakwa mungkin menghadapi lebih banyak waktu penjara.
A criminal sentence may involve more than serving time in jail as well.	Sebuah kalimat pidana dapat melibatkan lebih dari menjalani hukuman di penjara juga.
The defendant may be ordered to pay fines, to give restitution to the victim, to undergo treatment for substance abuse or mental problems, to perform community service, or many other things.	Terdakwa mungkin diperintahkan untuk membayar denda, untuk memberikan ganti rugi kepada korban , untuk menjalani pengobatan untuk penyalahgunaan zat atau masalah mental,untuk melakukan pelayanan masyarakat, atau banyak hal lainnya.
Anyone who is charged with a crime should hire an attorney with experience in criminal defense to represent them.	Siapapun yang dituntut dengan kejahatan harus menyewa seorang pengacara dengan pengalaman dalam kriminal untuk mewakili mereka.
This is the best way to make sure that their rights are protected, and that they obtain the best possible outcome.	Ini adalah cara terbaik untuk memastikan bahwa hak-hak mereka dilindungi, dan bahwa mereka mendapatkan hasil terbaik.

Ade Siti Ratna

Law Enforcement between Hope & Reality By: Drs. M. Sofyan Lubis, SH.	Penegakan Hukum antara Harapan & Kenyataan Oleh: Drs. M. Sofyan Lubis, SH.
It is common knowledge that law enforcement in Indonesia is very worrying, in addition oddly society was never wary to continue to break the law, so that people have a highly trained how to handle in case of violations of the law it does, whether it's a traffic violation, or perform general offenses, or of corruption, not a problem. Most of the people have been trained properly how to influence the legal process run so that he can escape from the snare punishment. This fact is one of the indicators of poor law enforcement in this country.	Sudah menjadi rahasia umum bahwa penegakan hukum di Indonesia sangat memprihatinkan, di samping itu anehnya masyarakatpun tidak pernah jera untuk terus melanggar hukum, sehingga masyarakat sudah sangat terlatih bagaimana mengatasinya jika terjadi pelanggaran-pelanggaran hukum yang dilakukannya, apakah itu bentuk pelanggaran lalu-lintas, atau melakukan delik-delik umum, atau melakukan tindak pidana korupsi, tidak menjadi masalah. Sebagian besar masyarakat kita telah terlatih benar bagaimana mempengaruhi proses hukum yang berjalan agar ia dapat terlepas dari jerat hukumannya. Kenyataan ini merupakan salah satu indikator buruknya law enforcement di negeri ini.
Although there are no comprehensive need to build steps for an accountable system of law enforcement, among others :	Sekalipun tidak komprehensif perlu ada angkah-langkah untuk membangun sistem penegakan hukum yang akuntabel, antara lain :
1). The Importance Of improvement or updating and supplementing the laws and regulations that exist, for example, need to be followed up with a government regulation (GR) of the Act 4 of 2004, especially the set of criminal sanctions for violators of the Criminal Procedure Code.	1). Perlunya penyempurnaan atau memperbaharui serta melengkapi perangkat hukum dan perundang-undangan yang ada, sebagai contoh, perlunya ditindaklanjuti dengan mengeluarkan Peraturan Pemerintah (PP) dari UU No.4 tahun 2004 terutama yang mengatur tentang pemberian sanksi pidana bagi pelanggar KUHAP.

2) Improving the quality of Human Resources (HR) Law Enforcement in terms of both morality and intellect, not least because the existing law enforcement today, do not understand well the ideals of the law being upheld.	2) Meningkatkan kualitas Sumber Daya Manusia (SDM) Penegak Hukum baik dari segi moralitas dan intelektualitasnya, karena tidak sedikit Penegak Hukum yang ada saat ini, tidak paham betul idealisme hukum yang sedang ditegakkannya.
3). The establishment of an independent agency by the Government whose members consist of the elements of the intelligent general public (non active Judges, active prosecutors and  active police) which aims to oversee the process of law enforcement. where the agency will recommend that the authorities gave sanction for law enforcement in violation of the laws of morality and / or violate the law enforcement process [vide: Article 9, paragraph (1) and (2) the Act No. 4 of 2004 on Judicial Power, Jo. Article 17 Jo psl. 3 paragraph (2) and (3) Jo. Psl.18 paragraph (1) and (4) the Act 39 of 1999 on Human Rights (HR)].	3). Dibentuknya suatu lembaga yang independen oleh Pemerintah dimana para anggotanya terdiri dari unsur-unsur masyarakat luas yang cerdas (non Hakim aktif, Jaksa aktif dan Polisi aktif) yang bertujuan mengawasi proses penegakan hukum ( law enforcemen’ ) dimana lembaga tersebut nantinya berwenang merekomendasikan agar diberikannya sanksi bagi para penegak hukum yang melanggar moralitas hukum dan / atau melanggar proses penegakan hukum [ vide : pasal 9 ayat (1) dan (2) UU No.4 tahun 2004 tentang Kekuasaan Kehakiman , Jo. pasal 17 Jo psl. 3 ayat (2 ) dan (3) Jo. Psl.18 ayat (1) dan (4) UU No.39 tahun 1999 tentang Hak Asasi Manusia (HAM) ].
4) Keep doing additional standardization and provision of adequate welfare, especially for salaried law enforcement, namely: Judges, Prosecutors and Police (Non-Advocate) as part of their professionalism is the largest law enforcement in Indonesia in its more appropriate to focus on the purpose of the law enforcing the law itself.	4) Perlu dilakukannya standarisasi dan pemberian tambahan kesejahteraan yang memadai khususnya bagi Penegak Hukum yang digaji yaitu : Hakim, Jaksa dan Polisi (Non Advokat ) agar profesionalisme mereka sebagai bagian terbesar penegak hukum di Indonesia dalam kerjanya lebih fokus menegakkan hukum sesuai dari tujuan hukum itu sendiri.
5) Socializing laws and regulations intensively to the general public as a consequence of the legal principle that says that; "Any society deemed to know the law", even if the legislation recently passed and enacted and published in the State Gazette.	5) Dilakukannya sosialisasi hukum dan perundang-undangan secara intensif kepada masyarakat luas sebagai konsekuensi asas hukum yang mengatakan bahwa ; “ setiap masyarakat dianggap tahu hukum ”, sekalipun produk hukum tersebut baru saja disahkan dan diundangkan serta diumumkan dalam Berita Negara.
But the steps suggestion above to build an accountable legal system certainly can not run smoothly without the full support of the clean Government, because  the law enforcement  is part of the legal system of government.	Namun usul langkah-langkah di atas untuk membangun sistem penegakan hukum yang akuntabel tentu tidak dapat berjalan mulus tanpa ada dukungan penuh dari Pemerintahan yang bersih (‘clean government’), karena penegakan hukum (‘law enforcement’) adalah bagian dari sistem hukum pemerintahan.

Melia Cholillah

indonesian	English
Hukum adalah sistem yang terpenting dalam pelaksanaan atas rangkaian kekuasaan kelembagaan.	Law is the most important system in the implementation of institutional power network.
Dari bentuk penyalahgunaan kekuasaan dalam bidang politik, ekonomi dan masyarakat dalam berbagai cara dan bertindak, sebagai perantara utama dalam hubungan sosial antar masyaratkat terhadap kriminalisasi dalam hukum pidana.	The abuse of power in politics, economics and society in numerous ways and serves as a major mediator in social relationships between the peoples of criminalization in criminal law.
Hukum pidana yang diusahakan oleh cara negara agar dapat menuntut pelaku dalam konstitusi hukum menyediakan kerangka kerja bagi penciptaan hukum, perlindungan hak asasi manusia dan memperluas kekuasaan politik serta cara perwakilan di mana mereka yang akan dipilih.	The criminalists in the country to earn the means to claim performer in constitutional law provides the framework for the creation of law, protection of human rights and expand their political power and representation method in which they are chosen.
Administratif hukum digunakan untuk meninjau kembali keputusan dari pemerintah.	Administrative law is used to review the decisions of government.
Sementara, hukum internasional mengatur persoalan antara kerjasama perjanjian negara dalam kegiatan mulai dari perdagangan lingkungan peraturan atau tindakan militer.	Meanwhile, international law regulating the issue of cooperation agreements between states in activities ranging from trade to environmental regulation or military action.
Pada umumnya, hukum ditujukan untuk mendapatkan keadilan.	Generally, the law is intended to get justice.
Menjamin adanya kepastian hukum dalam masyarakat serta mendapatkan kemanfaatan atas dibentuknya hukum tersebut.	Ensure legal certainty in the community and get the benefit over the legal establishment.
Selain itu, hukum digunakan untuk menjaga dan mencegah agar setiap orang tidak menjadi hakim atas dirinya sendiri.	Moreover, the law is used to protect and prevent any person not to judge itself.
Namun setiap perkara harus diputuskan oleh hakim berdasarkan dengan ketentuan yang sedang berlaku.	However, each case must be decided by the judge based on the provisions in force.
Pada dasarnya, tujuan Hukum berdasarkan pada  keadilan, kepastian, dan kemanfaatan.	In essence, the purpose of law is based on fairness, certainty, and expediency.
Jadi hukum bertujuan untuk mencapai kehidupan  yang  selaras dan seimbang, mencegah terjadinya perpecahan dan mendapat keselamatan dalam keadilan.	So law aims to achieve a harmonious and balanced life, prevent the occurrence of safety division and gets the justice.
Sumber-sumber hukum adalah segala sesuatu yang dapat menimbulkan terbentuknya peraturan-peraturan.	The sources of law are all things that can cause the formation of the regulations.
Peraturan tersebut biasanya bersifat memaksa. yakni, Sumber-sumber hukum material: sumber-sumber hukum yang ditinjau dari berbagai perspektif dan Sumber-sumber hukum formal, yakni UU, kebiasaan, yurisprudensi, traktat dan doktrin.	Regulation is usually coercive. They are:  the material sources of law is the sources of law are reviewed from a variety of perspectives and sources of formal law, which law, custom, jurisprudential, tracts and doctrine.
yurisprudensi ialah Keputusan hakim pada masa lampau pada suatu perkara yang sama sehingga dijadikan keputusan para hakim pada masa-masa selanjutnya.	jurisprudence is the decision of the judges in the past at some similar things that made of the judge decision on further occasions.
Hakim sendiri dapat membuat keputusan sendiri, bila perkara itu tidak diatur sama sekali di dalam UU.	Judges itself can make their own decisions, if the matter is not regulated at all in the Law
Traktat ialah perjanjian yang dilakukan oleh dua negara ataupun lebih. Perjanjian ini mengikat antara negara yang terlibat dalam traktat ini. Otomatis traktat ini juga mengikat warganegara-warganegara dari negara yang bersangkutan.	Treaty is an agreement committed by two or more countries. Binding agreement between the countries involved in these tracts. Auto tracts also bind citizens of that country.
doktrin ialah Pendapat atau pandangan para ahli hukum yang mempunyai pengaruh juga dapat menimbulkan hukum.	Doctrine is the opinion or views of legal experts who have influence can also be create the law.
Dalam yurisprudensi, hakim sering menyebut pendapat para sarjana hukum. Pada hubungan internasional, pendapat para sarjana hukum sangatlah penting.	In jurisprudence, judges often mentioned the opinion of legal scholars. In international relations, the opinion of legal scholars is important.

Nurul Jannah

Common law and equity Main article: Common law	Hukum umum dan ekuitas Artikel utama: Hukum Umum
Common law and equity are legal systems where decisions by courts are explicitly acknowledged as legal sources. The "doctrine of precedent", or stare decisis (Latin for "to stand by decisions") means that decisions by higher courts bind lower courts.	Hukum umum dan ekuitas adalah sistem hukum di mana keputusan oleh pengadilan secara eksplisit diakui sebagai sumber hukum. The "doktrin presiden", atau menatap decisis (Latin untuk "berdiri dengan keputusan") berarti bahwa keputusan oleh pengadilan yang lebih tinggi mengikat pengadilan yang lebih rendah.
Common law systems also rely on statutes, passed by the legislature, but may make less of a systematic attempt to codify their laws than in a "civil law" system.	Sistem hukum umum juga bergantung pada undang-undang , yang disahkan oleh legislatif, tapi mungkin juga kurang dari upaya sistematis untuk menyusun undang-undang mereka daripada di system "hukum perdata".
Common law originated from England and has been inherited by almost every country once tied to the British Empire (except Malta, Scotland, the U.S. state of Louisiana, and the Canadian province of Quebec).	Hukum umum berasal dari Inggris dan telah diwariskan oleh hampir setiap negara sekali terikat dengan Kerajaan Inggris (kecuali Malta, Skotlandia, negara bagian AS Louisiana, dan provinsi Quebec di Kanada).
In medieval England, the Norman conquest led to a unification of various tribal customs and hence a law "common" to the whole country. The common law developed when the English monarchy had been weakened by the enormous cost of fighting for control over large parts of France.	Di Inggris abad pertengahan, penaklukan Norman menyebabkan penyatuan berbagai suku adat dan karenanya hukum "umum" untuk seluruh negeri. Hukum umum berkembang ketika monarki Inggris telah melemah oleh biaya besar berjuang untuk kontrol atas sebagian besar Perancis.
King John had been forced by his barons to sign a document limiting his authority to pass laws. This "great charter" or Magna Carta of 1215 also required that the King's entourage of judges hold their courts and judgments at "a certain place" rather than dispensing autocratic justice in unpredictable places about the country.	Raja John telah dipaksa oleh baron untuk menandatangani dokumen membatasi kekuasaannya untuk mengesahkan undang-undang. Ini "great charter" atau Magna Carta 1215 juga mengharuskan rombongan Raja hakim memegang pengadilan dan penilaian mereka pada "tempat tertentu" daripada dispensing keadilan otokratis di tempat-tempat tak terduga tentang negara.
A concentrated and elite group of judges acquired a dominant role in law-making under this system, and compared to its European counterparts the English judiciary became highly centralised. In 1297, for instance, while the highest court in France had fifty-one judges, the English Court of Common Pleas had five.	Sebuah kelompok terkonsentrasi dan hakim tertinggi memperoleh peran yang dominan dalam pembuatan undang-undang di bawah sistem ini, dan dibandingkan dengan rekan-rekan Eropa peradilan Inggris menjadi sangat sentralistik. Pada 1297, sementara pengadilan tertinggi di Perancis memiliki lima puluh satu hakim, Pengadilan Inggris Umum Pleas memiliki lima.
This powerful and tight-knit judiciary gave rise to a rigid and inflexible system of common law.	Peradilan yang kuat dan bersatu-padu ini melahirkan sebuah sistem yang kaku dan tidak fleksibel dari hukum umum.
As a result, as time went on, increasing numbers of citizens petitioned the King to override the common law, and on the King's behalf the Lord Chancellor gave judgment to do what was equitable in a case.		Akhirnya, seiring berjalannya waktu, semakin banyak warga mengajukan petisi kepada Raja untuk mengesampingkan hukum umum, dan atas nama Raja Kanselir memberikan keputusan untuk melakukan apa yang adil dalam sebuah kasus.
From the time of Sir Thomas More, the first lawyer to be appointed as Lord Chancellor, a systematic body of equity grew up alongside the rigid common law, and developed its own Court of Chancery.		Dari waktu ke waktu Sir Thomas More, pengacara pertama yang ditunjuk sebagai Tuhan Kanselir, tubuh sistematis ekuitas tumbuh bersama hokum umum yang kaku, dan dikembangkan Pengadilan sendiri Chancery.
At first, equity was often criticised as erratic, that it varied according to the length of the Chancellor's foot.		Pada awalnya, ekuitas sering dikritik sebagai tidak menentu, karena bervariasi sesuai dengan panjang kaki Kanselir.
But over time it developed solid principles, especially under Lord Eldon.		Tapi seiring waktu itu dikembangkan prinsip-prinsip yang solid, terutama di bawah kekuasaan Lord Eldon .
In the 19th century the two systems were fused into one another. In developing the common law and equity, academic authors have always played an important part. William Blackstone, from around 1760, was the first scholar to describe and teach it.		Pada abad ke-19 dua sistem yang tergabung satu sama lain. Dalam mengembangkan hukum umum dan keadilan, penulis akademik selalu berperan penting. William Blackstone, dari sekitar tahun 1760, adalah sarjana pertama yang menggambarkan dan mengajarkan tentang hukum umum.
But merely in describing, scholars who sought explanations and underlying structures slowly changed the way the law actually worked.		Tapi hanya dengan menggambarkan saja, sarjana yang mencari penjelasan dan struktur yang di naunginya perlahan-lahan mengubah cara hukum yang benar-benar bekerja.

Rita Aprilliani

Indonesia’s New Trade Law Scares Foreign Investors & Traders	Peraturan Hukum Dagang Baru Indonesia Menakuti Investor-Investor dan pedagang-pedagang.
The Indonesian parliament on February 11 passed a new and ambiguous trade law that is likely to frighten current investors and deter future ones.	Pada 11 Februari,  DPR mengeluarkan peraturan hukum perdagangan yang baru dan ambigu untuk menakuti investor-investor saat ini dan menghalangi orang-orang masa depan .
The legislation—Indonesia’s first trade law since a 1935 Dutch ordinance—grants the state far-reaching control of imports and exports, and is intended to develop downstream production and boost high-value domestic industries	Hukum perdagangan pertama undang-undang di Indonesia sejak 1935 yaitu peraturan Belanda, negara jauh mengendalikan impor dan ekspor, dan dimaksudkan untuk mengembangkan produksi hilir dan meningkatkan industri yang bernilai tinggi dalam negeri .
The important potential value of finally having a comprehensive trade law in place is undercut by two critical problems.	Nilai potensial penting dari akhirnya memiliki hukum perdagangan yang komprehensif di tempat yang dilemahkan oleh dua masalah penting .
First, it is written so vaguely that investors cannot interpret what exactly the law will mean for them.	Pertama, itu ditulis sangat samar-samar bahwa investor tidak dapat menaksirkan apa yang sebenarnya hukum artikan kepada mereka.
Second, it allows the state to change the rules of trade on a whim, with no recourse.	Kedua, memungkinkan negara untuk mengubah aturan perdagangan pada kemauan, tanpa ada jalan keluar.
Both of these problems will result in investors losing confidence in Indonesia.	Kedua masalah ini akan mengakibatkan investor kehilangan kepercayaan pada Indonesia .
Some of the biggest concerns by foreign companies about the new law could be resolved when the government drafts implementing regulations.	Beberapa kekhawatiran terbesar oleh perusahaan asing tentang hukum baru dapat diselesaikan ketika pemerintah mengonsepkan peraturan pelaksanaan.
The new law is the latest in a series of protectionist policies championed by the parliament under the banner of developing domestic value-added industries.	Undang-undang baru adalah yang terbaru dalam serangkaian kebijakan proteksionis yang diperjuangkan oleh parlemen di bawah bendera yang mengembangkan industri nilai tambah domestik.
On January 12, a ban on exporting raw mineral ores went into effect, sending the mining industry into disarray.	Larangan mengekspor bijih mineral mulai berlaku pada tanggal 12 Januari, mengirim industri pertambangan ke dalam kekacauan .
Since then, new minerals and concentrates have been added to the ban, further confusing mining firms.	Sejak itu, mineral baru dan konsentrat telah ditambahkan ke larangan tersebut , lebih jauh membingungkan perusahaan pertambangan .
Such protectionist measures also signal that Indonesia is not ready to lead the way on regional economic integration.	Langkah-langkah proteksionis tersebut juga menunjukkan bahwa Indonesia belum siap untuk memimpin jalan pada integrasi ekonomi regional.
The biggest trouble with the new trade law is its ambiguity.	Masalah terbesar dengan undang-undang perdagangan baru adalah ambiguitas
Multiple articles can be interpreted at the convenience of the Ministry of Trade.	Beberapa undang-undang dapat diartikan pada kesenangan dari menteri perdagangan.
For example, article 49.4 says that “the Minister of Trade can propose temporary cuts or additions to imports to enter the country in the interest of national competitiveness,”  The words “national competitiveness” are vague enough that the state can use this article as a catch-all to justify the implementation of protectionist regulations.	Sebagai contoh, undang-undang pasal 49 ayat 4 berkata bahwa “Menteri Perdagangan dapat mengusulkan pemotongan atau tambahan kepada import untuk masuk ke dalam negara pada minat dari daya saing nasional.” Kata-kata “daya saing nasional” adalah cukup jelas bahwa negara dapat menggunakan undang-undang  ini sebagai semua pegangan  untuk membenarkan pelaksanaan peraturan proteksionis .
Many of the law’s articles also grant the government freedom to break contracts.	Banyak undang-undang hukum juga membantu kebebasan pemerintah untuk memecahkan kontrak-kontrak.
For instance, article 85.1 says, “the government, with approval from the House of Representatives can review or cancel an international trade pact, [the implementation of which] was enforced by laws, for the sake of the national interest.”	Sebagai contoh, undang-undang pasal 85 ayat 1 berkata. “pemerintah, dengan persetujuan DPR dapat meninjau atau membatalkan perjanjian perdagangan internasional , [yang pelaksanaannya] ditegakkan oleh hukum , demi kepentingan nasional . "
The international community is concerned about the recent uptick in protectionism from Jakarta.	Masyarakat internasional prihatin tentang peningkatan proteksi terakhir dari Jakarta.
ASEAN neighbors are wondering how committed Jakarta really is to regional integration under the ASEAN Economic Community due to be implemented in 2015.	Republik ASEAN bertanya-tanya bagaimana Jakarta benar- benar berkomitmen kepada integrasi regional di bawah masyarakat ekonomi ASEAN dijadwalkan akan dilaksakan pada 2015.
Japan and China have massive investments in Indonesia and protectionist measures are making them nervous.	Jepang dan Cina memiliki investasi besar-besaran di Indonesia dan langkah-langkah proteksionis yang membuat mereka gugup
Japan is considering taking Indonesia to the World Trade Organization (WTO) over the new trade law.	Jepang sedang mempertimbangkan untuk engambil Indonesia ke Organisasi Perdagangan Dunia (WTO) atas hukum perdagangan baru.
Many international observers believe the legislation violates WTO rules.	Banyak pengamat internasional percaya akan undang-undang melanggar aturan WTO.
The Indonesian parliament does not see the law the same way as its neighbors and foreign investors.	DPR tidak melihat hukum dengan cara yang sama sebagai tetangga dan investor asing.
Lawmakers view it as good policy aimed at adding downstream value and defending economic resources.	DPR melihatnya sebagai kebijakan yang baik yang bertujuan untuk menambah nilai hilir dan mempertahankan sumber daya ekonomi .
The trade law gives the Ministry of Trade, the administration, and parliament the legal grounds to enact regulations on an ad-hoc basis, which is perceived as a victory.	Hukum perdagangan memberikan Departemen Perdagangan , pemerintah , dan parlemen dengan alasan hukum untuk memberlakukan peraturan secara improvisasi, yang dianggap sebagai kemenangan .
How harmful this legislation will end up being for investors in Indonesia will depend on the specific regulations enacted to implement this new legal framework.	Bagaimana berbahayanya undang-undang ini akan berakhir menjadi investor di Indonesia akan tergantung pada peraturan khusus yang berlaku untuk menerapkan kerangka hukum yang baru ini .
The parliament is right that Indonesia needs a comprehensive trade law, but the new one enacted is too vague and too sweeping to do much good in the long run.	Parlemen benar bahwa Indonesia membutuhkan undang-undang perdagangan yang komprehensif ,tetapi baru satu yang berlaku terlalu samar dan terlalu menyapu berbuat banyak dalam jangka panjang .
The possibility of ad-hoc protectionist regulations from Jakarta increases risk and scares off investment.	Kemungkinan regulasi proteksi improvisasi dari Jakarta meningkatkan resiko dan ketautan pada investasi.
Lawmakers need to consider redefining some of the most ambiguous articles in the law so potential investors know the rules by which they will be playing.	DPR perlu mempertimbangkan mendefinisikan beberapa artikel yang paling ambigu dalam hukum sehingga calon investor tahu aturan dimana mereka akan bermain .
Once those rules are properly defined, Jakarta must work hard to protect them.	Setelah aturan-aturan yang didefinisikan dengan baik, Jakarta harus bekerja keras untuk melindungi mereka .
Surprise regulations and reneging on investment contracts is a quick way to scare off future investors.	Kejutan peraturan dan mengingkari kontrak investasi adalah cara cepat untuk menakut-nakuti calon investor
The Indonesian parliament working with economic ministries has an opportunity to draft implementing regulations that make the new trade law clearer and more market-friendly, allowing the country to take the lead on regional economic integration and attract much needed foreign investment.	Parlemen Indonesia bekerja sama dengan kementerian ekonomi memiliki kesempatan untuk menyusun peraturan pelaksanaan yang membuat undang-undang perdagangan baru yang lebih jelas dan lebih ramah pasar , yang memungkinkan negara itu untuk memimpin pada integrasi ekonomi regional dan menarik sangat dibutuhkan investasi asing

Ayu Kartika Ratri

DIVORCE CASES LAW

“DIVORCE CASES LAW”	“KASUS PERCERAIAN HUKUM”
In divorce cases, when a court is attempting to distribute marital property, if the divorcing couple is local and the property is local, then the court applies its domestic law lex fori.	Dalam kasus perceraian , ketika pengadilan mencoba untuk mendistribusikan properti perkawinan , jika pasangan bercerai lokal dan properti lokal , maka pengadilan menerapkan hukum lex fori nasionalnya .
This becomes much more complicated when local laws allow polygamy.	Hal ini menjadi lebih rumit ketika hukum setempat mengizinkan poligami .
For example, Saskatchewan Canada stands alone as a province in Canada that allows more than one spouse at a time per person.	Sebagai contoh, Saskatchewan Kanada berdiri sendiri sebagai sebuah provinsi di Kanada yang memungkinkan lebih dari satu pasangan setiap oprangpada saat yang bersamaan  .
Each province has similar marital property laws, but what happens when one or more provinces ignore the federal polygamy law? In this case some of the spouses receive/give marital property from two or more simultaneous spouses, while others may only receive/give from one spouse only, depending on whether their home province allows polygamy.	Setiap provinsi memiliki hukum kekayaan perkawinan sejenis , tetapi apa yang terjadi ketika satu atau lebih provinsi mengabaikan hukum poligami pemerintahpusat ? Dalam hal ini beberapa pasangan menerima / memberikan harta perkawinan dari dua atau lebih pasangan simultan , sedangkan yang lain mungkin hanya menerima / memberi dari satu pasangan saja, tergantung pada apakah provinsi asal mereka memungkinkan untuk berpoligami .
The case becomes even more complicated if foreign elements are thrown into the mix, such as when the place of marriage is different from the territory where divorce was filed;	Kasus ini menjadi lebih rumit jika unsur-unsur asing dilimpahkan kan ke dalam campuran , seperti ketika tempat pernikahan berbeda dari wilayah di mana perceraian diajukan ;
when the parties' nationalities and residences do not match;	ketika kebangsaan dan tempat tinggal para pihak tidak cocok ;
when there is property in a foreign jurisdiction; or when the parties have changed residence several times during the marriage.	ketika ada properti dalam yurisdiksi asing ; atau ketika para pihak telah berubah tinggal beberapa kali selama perkawinan .
Whereas commercial agreements or prenuptial agreements generally do not require legal formalities to be observed, when married couples enter a property agreement, stringent requirements are imposed, including notarization, witnesses, special acknowledgment forms.	Sedangkan perjanjian komersial atau perjanjian pranikah umumnya tidak memerlukan formalitas hukum yang harus diamati , ketika pasangan menikah memasuki perjanjian properti , persyaratan ketat yang diberlakukan , termasuk notaris , saksi , bentuk penghargaan khusus .
In some countries, these must be filed (or docketed) with a domestic court, and the terms must be “so ordered” by a judge.	Di beberapa negara , ini harus diajukan ( atau docketed ) dengan pengadilan negeri , dan istilah harus " jadi memerintahkan " oleh hakim .
This is done in order to ensure that no undue influence or oppression has been exerted by one spouse against the other.	Hal ini dilakukan dalam rangka untuk memastikan bahwa tidak ada pengaruh yang tidak semestinya atau penindasan telah diberikan oleh salah satu pasangan terhadap lainnya .
Upon presenting a property agreement between spouses to a court of divorce, that court will generally assure itself of the following factors:	Setelah menghadirkan perjanjian properti antara pasangan ke pengadilan perceraian , pengadilan yang umumnya akan meyakinkan diri dari faktor-faktor berikut :
signatures, legal formalities, intent, later intent, free will, lack of oppression, reasonableness and fairness, consideration, performance, reliance, later repudiation in writing or by conduct, and whichever other concepts of contractual bargaining apply in the context.	tanda tangan , formalitas hukum , niat , maksud kemudian, kehendak bebas , kurangnya penindasan , kewajaran dan keadilan , pertimbangan , kinerja , ketergantungan , penolakan kemudian secara tertulis atau melalui perilaku , dan mana konsep-konsep lain dari tawar-menawar kontrak berlaku dalam konteks .