DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH

I volunteered to fight Ebola in Sierra Leone with MSF. Here’s what happened

You pour the sweat out of your boots, see body bags and miracles, and constantly monitor your own health. Sierra Leone’s health system is in desperate trouble

I’ve volunteered to go to west Africa because I heard that Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) was getting desperate for people.

When I tell Mary in HR, she says she has three questions: “1) Do you know that you don’t have to go? 2) Do you know that if you get sick, we won’t bring you home? 3) Do you know that if you die, we won’t bring your body back and you’ll be buried there?” I know MSF is famous for being straight-talking, but I’m still a bit taken aback. I answer yes to all three and go home to look for my passport. My children are unphased – “Yeah, whatever” – but promise to email.

In Brussels, two days later, my medical briefing is entirely in French. It’s a long time since I was at school, but I get the gist: don’t shake hands, rub shoulders or brush fingertips – let alone hug, kiss or have sexual relations – with anyone. In fact, keep 1.5-2 metres away from all people at all times.

Don’t go to markets. Don’t take public transport. And don’t EVER touch your face. By the time I board the plane I have developed a healthy paranoia. And I’m not alone. The cabin crew are wearing face masks, as are many of the passengers. When we touch down in Guinea, another 100 people push their way on. “Ah, it’s Ebola time – everyone is fleeing,” the jovial Liberian beside me says.

Outside Sierra Leone’s Lungi airport, we wash our hands at a barrel with a tap. I learn tap etiquette: after drizzling your hands, you splash water over the tap to rinse off any Ebola germs left by the previous person. This soon becomes a 20-a-day habit – there are taps outside hotels, houses, offices, even the supermarket. Inside the Ebola treatment centre, 5km outside Bo, Sierra Leone. Photograph: Natasha Lewer

MSF’s newest Ebola treatment centre, 5km outside Bo, is white and gleaming, as incongruous as a spaceship in the surrounding bush. Two months ago it was a field of cassavas – MSF paid the farmer for his crop, then dug up the field and covered it in four enormous white tents, surrounded by brick buildings and divided by orange fencing. I’ve heard Ebola centres described as “villages of death” – six in 10 patients come out in a double body bag – so the atmosphere inside is a surprise. I arrive as three people are given the news that their second test result in a row has showed up negative, and they’re cured.

Excited staff wait outside the concrete shower block, and one by one the survivors emerge, dripping wet and blinking in the sunlight. Everyone claps; James, a pastor turned mental health counsellor, starts to sing, and the others join in; a group of women are dancing; people take photos; everyone beams. An Ebola survivor with a certificate of discharge. Photograph: Natasha Lewer

Before they leave, the survivors ask questions. Ishmail: “Will I be able to go near my family now?” Counsellor: “I want you to go home and I want you to hug everyone in your family.” He is given a bag with blankets, bedsheets, multivitamins, packets of peanut paste to build up his strength, and a giant packet of condoms – the virus will survive in his semen for another three months. In the treatment centre, Sierra Leonean staff outnumber the international staff by 10 to one.

All seem enthusiastic about doing their bit. In the kitchen, nine women from the local village are cooking fish and pasta for the patients’ lunch. Alusein, in a Victorian-style mob cap, finds me a pair of white wellies, size 39, decorated with stars and flowers in thick marker pen. In the stock tent, a former philosophy teacher is filling in data sheets. In the mental health tent, James is talking to the family of a patient. “As a pastor, you listen and advise; as a counsellor it’s the same thing,” he says. Rows of wellies used by volunteers fighting Ebola in Sierra Leone. Photograph: Natasha Lewer

I’ve never met people who work so hard. The medics are reprimanded for staying too long inside the high-risk zone. Anything over an hour becomes physiologically dangerous. It’s so hot inside the layers of protective clothing that by the time you come out, you have to pour the sweat out of your boots.

Getting togged up in 10 layers of protective clothing (scrubs, boots, yellow suit, hairnet, hood, mask, goggles, thick gloves, thin gloves, apron), and ensuring that not one millimetre of bare skin is showing, takes time and practice, but it’s nothing compared to undressing.

When you come out of the high-risk zone you are exhausted, overheated and dehydrated; your goggles have misted over, and your mind has gone foggy. There’s a serious risk of getting contaminated as you unzip and unpeel. That’s why the sprayers are there. ”What does your job involve?” I ask. “We are the sprayers, we instruct them what to do, we stop them making mistakes, we save their lives.” They also douse you in 0.5% dilute chlorine – who needs Chanel No 5 when you can smell this sweet? Volunteers in the Ebola treatment centre, Bo, Sierra Leone. Photograph: Natasha Lewer.

Everyone here is keen to do anything they can to stop the disease that’s threatening to unravel their whole society – it’s already made travel impossible, put an end to parties and funerals, closed schools and universities, made food prices rocket, and instilled suspicion and fear – of neighbours, friends and even family. “There are no gatherings or naming ceremonies, people are even scared of going to church,” MSF counsellor Tamba says. “They are afraid to do all the things that used to make them happy.”

Mothers no longer want to bring their sick children to MSF’s paediatric hospital in case they get taken away by an alien in a spacesuit and are never seen again. As a result, many of the children only arrive when they are so ill that it’s too late to save them. No one knows how many are dying at home from malaria – the biggest killer of under-fives in this area – or from the numerous other diseases in a country with the highest rate of child deaths in the world.

Hundreds of health workers have caught Ebola and died, there are too few ambulances, too few laboratories, and there’s a very real fear that the entire health system – already weak after years of civil war – is going to collapse.

I monitor my health minutely. Is my headache from dehydration? The sore throat from a chlorine overdose? Am I burning up with fever, or is today hotter than usual? Three symptoms at the same time and you become an Ebola suspect.

My mother emails to suggest my children move into a rented flat in south London for 21 days when I return, while I put myself in self-imposed quarantine. I tell her there is no chance of my infecting anyone, and that I’ll be back in the office the following day. The UK is clearly caught up in Ebola paranoia too. I go out and buy a box of Sierra Leonean chocolates for my work colleagues, and wonder if I’ll get to eat them all myself.

The article retrieved on : http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/oct/20/volunteered-fight-ebola-sierra-leone-msf

STATEMENT 

1. Direct speech : “As a pastor, you listen and advise; as a counsellor it’s the same thing,” he says.

    Indirect speech : He said that as a pastor, you listened and advised; as a counsellor it was the same thing.

= The tense changes illustrated above, which occur because the main verb "says" is in the present tense become "said" past tense. It explained that direct speech change become indirect speech, and there is no quotation symbol "" in indirect speech.

2. Direct speech : Tamba says, “They are afraid to do all the things that used to make them happy.”

    Indirect speech : Tamba said that they were afraid to do all the things that used to make them happy.

= The sentences above include direct and indirect speech. The direct speech is used when quotating some words and we should use quotation mark, when you report what somebody says, (turning direct into indirect speech), some changes are often made, just like to be "are" become "were".

QUESTION 

1. Direct speech : ”What does your job involve?” I ask.

    Indirect speech : I asked that what my job involved.

= The sentences above include direct and indirect speech. In direct speech has question mark (?) and the tense in direct speech is simple present, so, in indirect speech become simple past tense.

2. Direct speech :  The survivor ask: “Will I be able to go near my family now?”

    Indirect speech : The survivor asked if he would be able to go near his family then.

= Just like an example above, a question tag in direct and indirect speech has spesific character, make a symbol (?) in these sentence. Modal will become would, that change the tense become past tense. at the end of sentence delete symbol (?) and dont use it in indirect speech.

IMPERATIVE 

1. Direct speech : “ don’t ever touch your face” the jovial liberian says.

    Indirect speech : the jovial liberian told me not to touch my face.

= The verb in the main clause is (mostly) say or tell used in imperative direct indirect speech. The reporting verb followed by to infinitive and object like the sentence above.

2. Direct speech : My children are unphased “Yeah, whatever. But, promise to email” 

    Indirect speech : My children were unphased that i should promise to email it.

= The sentence above changes the words to personal pronoun, tense and special words, and to be "are" become "were".

Melia Cholilah
14611411
4SA04
SOFTSKILL PEMBELAJARAN BAHASA INGGRIS BERBANTUAN KOMPUTER

ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE

1.  Definitions of Active and Passive Voice   

  

1.1  Definition of active voice.

            Sentences can be active or passive. Therefore, tenses also have "active forms" and "passive forms." You must learn to recognize the difference to successfully speak English. In active sentences, the thing doing the action is the subject of the sentence and the thing receiving the action is the object. Most sentences are active.

[Thing doing action] + [verb] + [thing receiving action]

Examples:

1.2  Definition of passive voice.

In passive sentences, the thing receiving the action is the subject of the sentence and the thing doing the action is optionally included near the end of the sentence. You can use the passive form if you think that the thing receiving the action is more important or should be emphasized. You can also use the passive form if you do not know who is doing the action or if you do not want to mention who is doing the action.

To recognize that a sentence is in passive voice, watch out for these keywords: 

• be, is, are, a, was, were, has been, have been, will be, being

[Thing receiving action] + [be] + [past participle of verb] + [by] + [thing doing action]

Examples: 

source : http://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/activepassive.html

2. Table of passive and active voice

	ACTIVE VOICE	PASSIVE VOICE
Simple present	S + V (-s/-es) + O	O + is/am/are + V3 + S
	She opens the door	The door is opened by her
Present continuous	S + is/am/are + Ving + O	O + is/am/are + being + V3 + S
	She is opening the door	The door is being opened by her
Present perfect	S+has/have+V3+O	O+has/have been+V3+S
	She has opened the door	The door has been opened by her
Simple past	S+V2+O	O+was/were+V3+S
	She opened the door	The door was opened by her
Past perfect	S+had+V3+O	O+had been+O+S
	She had opened the door	The door had been opened by her
Future	S+will/shall+V1+O	O+will/shall+be+V3+S
	She will open the door	The door will be opened by her

Identifying the active and the passive voice on an article.

Negative Effects of Internet on Children

Numerous studies over the years have pointed out that internet has had a negative effect on children. It is important therefore, that children are guided on using the internet effectively. In this article, we will take a look at the factors that make internet a threat for our children.

Internet has proved to be one of the most innovative inventions for us. It has made its presence felt in every sphere of our life, be it economy, society, health care, spirituality, etc. Prominent among its benefits is the impact it has had on the education sector. Students can now gain access to innumerable research papers, apart from getting latest updates in the field of science and technology. But as they say, "With great power comes great responsibility", Internet has created new challenges for the society and most threatening among these is the impact it has had on children. Internet addiction has been recognized as a disorder in many countries and rehabilitation centers have been created to help people to get over it. The sad part of this whole phenomenon is that a large proportion of Internet addicts are youngsters, who are extremely vulnerable to its ill-effects. There are several advantages and disadvantages of Internet but in this article, we will focus on its negative effects.

Internet and Children

Internet Addiction Disorder

Although studies on this disorder are in preliminary stages, it has been established that children who spend most of their time on the Internet, show a peculiar kind of behavior which is marked by an urge to be on the Internet all the time, so much that the child may shun all activities and become immersed in the virtual world. Surveys conducted over the years have found that most people who suffer from Internet addiction disorder are young adults, who easily fall into the lure of exploring everything that is available on the Internet. In America alone, it has been estimated that around 10-15 million people are suffering from Internet addiction disorder, and this is increasing at the rate of 25% every year.

Reduced Physical Activity

There are a host of games that are available on the Internet and this has made most children to shun all outdoor activity. In the absence of physical activity, children can easily fall prey to a lot of lifestyle related diseases such as obesity, apart from failing to develop interpersonal skills. Apart from these factors, sitting continuously in front of a computer screen can seriously damage our eyes, and put a strain on our neck and shoulders. Children are in their developing years and these factors can create life-long problems for them. 

Easy Access to Pornography

this is one of the greatest threats Internet poses to children. Internet has provided an easy medium to children to gain access to pornography and this can cause them to either become sexually-deviant or sexually-addictive. This phenomenon has also caused another problem, and that is the increase in prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases (STD) in children. According to reports, one out of every four teenagers gets infected with a STD every year. The adult content that is present on the Internet promotes irresponsible sex and creates false notions in the minds of students.

Vulnerability to Cyber Crime

If you have been following news lately then you must know what we are referring to. Children have been lured by pedophiles posing as good Samaritans and have been physically abused and molested. Internet has also made it easy for unscrupulous elements to get in touch with children and this has led to an increase in the cases of kidnapping and identity thefts. About 60% young teens in the United States have admitted to responding to messages from strangers. This kind of behavior is extremely risky and has made children extremely vulnerable to become victims of cyber-crime.

The points mentioned above have posed new challenges to teachers and parents. There are demands from various quarters that there should be some sort of regulation to check this issue. However, we believe that instead of making Internet a taboo, we should educate children to use it for their benefit. It is advisable for parents to monitor how much time their children spend on the Internet, and if possible set a time-limit till which they would be allowed to use the Internet. Having the computer in the living-room instead of a child's bedroom can also ensure censorship on what they are accessing on the Internet. It is also important that you talk to them about 'the birds and the bees' because if you do not talk to them, they will turn to their friends and Internet for answers which may not provide authentic information.

Although, this article is focused on the negative effects of internet, it in no way means that we are undermining the importance of Internet in our lives. We have written this article for the Internet audience, and you are reading it through the Internet, which itself explains the positive side of Internet usage. It is for us to decide whether we use technology for the betterment of our lives or put it to unabated abuse. Children may not be mature enough to understand this, but we as parents, teachers and guardians need to ensure that we inculcate the right behavior in our children.

source :  http://www.buzzle.com/articles/negative-effects-of-the-internet-on-children.html

ACTIVE VOICE

1. The points mentioned above have posed new challenges to teachers and parents.

• This sentence includes active voice, because this sentence it contains S+V2+O or we can say “simple past tense”. The subject is ”The points”, comes before the verb “mentioned”. 

2. In this article, we will take a look at the factors that make internet a threat for our children.

• It is an active voice because it has form S+will/shall+V1+O that is "future". the subject is "we" then there is "will" and the verb is "take".

3. Internet has provided an easy medium to children to gain access to pornography and this can cause them to either become sexually-deviant or sexually-addictive.

• The sentence above contains active voice because  the tense of sentence. is simple present perfect ( S+has/have+V3+O ). the subject is "Internet" and the verb is provided, then, there is an object.

4. Internet has created new challenges for the society and most threatening among these is the impact it has had on children. 

• This sentence also uses present perfect because it has subject “internet” and the verb 3 “created” ( S+has/have+V3+O ) 

5. Internet has proved to be one of the most innovative inventions for us.

• This sentence has subject “internet” and the verb 3 “proved”. The subject comes before the verb. The pattern of simple present perfect is subject + has/have + past participle. Therefore, the sentence above is active voice.

PASSIVE VOICE

1. Internet addiction has been recognized as a disorder in many countries.

• We can see that this sentence is in passive voice because the keyword is has been recognized. Then, there is past participle after the be. So, the tense is present perfect ( O+has/have been+V3+S )

2. Although studies on this disorder are in preliminary stages, it has been established that children who spend most of their time on the Internet, show a peculiar kind of behavior which is marked by an urge to be on the Internet all the time

• In this sentence, we can define that it includes passive voice. the subject is "studies on this disorder are in preliminary stage" because of the verb form used when the subject of a sentence is affected by the action and the key is the children who be the subject after "that". The tense is present perfect.

3. In America alone, it has been estimated that around 10-15 million people are suffering from Internet addiction disorder, and this is increasing at the rate of 25% every year.

• The sentence is also a passive sentence because it has a subject "In America alone" who does an action. it is present perfect tense because there is has/have been + v3 "has been estimated"

4. Children have been lured by pedophiles posing as good Samaritans and have been physically abused and molested. 

• The sentence above is also identified as a passive voice. Just like what we read before that the form of passive voice is be + past participle. The subject is Children. The v3 is lured and it is also followed with be "have been". So, the tense of sentence above is simple present perfect.

5. Although, this article is focused on the negative effects of internet, it in no way means that we are undermining the importance of Internet in our lives.

• We can see that the sentence is passive voice. the rule is be + past participle. The be "is" and v3 is focused, on the negative effect of internet is the subject . the tense is simple present (O + is/am/are + V3 + S).

MELIA CHOLILAH

14611411

4SA04

SOFTSKILL PEMBELAJARAN BAHASA INGGRIS BERBANTUAN KOMPUTER